t tempts to unite neighboring nations (Maiuice) ; in the events accompa-
rs the language | ^y^^^ ^^^ crucifixion, in the fall of Jerusalem, in the
1 x- '-^ ''!,.^ ?''" i breaking up of all human polities. But here again the
that, It a hostile invasion ^^^^ j^^^j^^.^^^ ^^ manifestations of judgment, ending
with the last. The whole is shadowed forth in dim
outline, and, while some crises are past, others are yet to
come (comp. iii, 13-21 with Matt, xxiv and Eev. xix).
See Double Sexse.
III. The style of Joel, it has been remarked, unites the strength of IMicali with the tenderness of Jeremiah. In vividness of description he rivals Nahum, and in sub- limity and majesty is scarcely inferior to Isaiah and Habakkuk (Couz, Diss, de charactere poetico Joelis [Tub. 1783]). " Imprimis est elegans, clarus, fusus, fluensque ; valde etiam sublimis acer, fervidus" (Lowth, Be Sacra Poesi Hehr. Pra;l. xxi). Many German divirues hold that Joel was the patte7-n of all the prophets. Some say that Isaiah ii, 2-4 ; INIicah iv, 1-3, are direct imita- tions of him. Parts of the New Test, also (Rev. ix, 2 sq. ; xiv, 18) are pointed out as passages in his style.
The canonidtij of this book has never been called in question. — Kitto ; Smith.
lY. Commentaries. — The special exegetical helps on the book of Joel as a whole are the following, to the most important of which we prefix an asterisk : Ephrem SjTus, Explanatio (in Sjt., in 0pp. v, 249) ; Hugo a St. Yictor, A nnotationes (in Oj^p. i) ; Seb. Minister, Com.'menn tarius (Aben-Ezra's, Basil. 1530, 8vo) ; Luther, Enarra- tio [brief, with Amos and Obadiah] (Argent. 1536, 8vo) ; also Commentarius (Vitemb. 1547, 4to ; both in German^
JOELAH
941
JOHANAN
Jen. 1553, 4to ; antl, together with Sententice, in 0pp. iii, 497; iv, 781, 821) ; Seb. Tuscan, Commentarius (Colon. 1556, fol.) ; Topsell, Commentiiriiis (London, 155(5, 1613, 4to ; also in Engl. ib. 1599, 4to) ; INIercier, Commentarius [on first five minor proph.] (Paris, s. a. fol. ; Lugtl. 1621, 4to) ; Genebrard, .1 dnotationes (from Aben-Ezra and oth- ers, Paris, 1563, 4to) ; Draconis, ^a^j^tra^io [witli Mieah and Zeeh.] (Vitemb. 1565, fol.; and later separately); Selnecker, .4 nrnfrkitngen (Lpz. 1578, 4to) ; Schadreus, Sy- no2}sis (Argent. 1588, 4to); Matthias, Prcelectiones (Ba- sil. 1590, 8vo) ; Simonis, Jotl propheta (Cracov. 1593, 4to) ; Bimny, Enarratio (Lend. 1583, 1595, 8vo) ; Bone- Tus, Pai-aphrasis (F. ad 0. 1597,4to); Woldcr, lliexodus (\''itemb. 1605, 4to) ; Gesner, Commefit. (Vitemb. 1614. 8vo) ; Tarnovius, Commentarius (Rest. 1627, 4to) ; Ursi- nus, Cniinnrii/ciruis (Francf. 1641, 8vo) ; Strahl, Erlldr. (\\'itt( nil. Kl.'iO, lio); Leusden, £x2)Ucatio [Rabbinical, iucliid. oliiul. I (Ultraj. 1657, 8vo); De Veil, Commentu- riiis (Par. KiTO, 8vo); *Pocock, Commentary (Oxf. 1691, fol.; in Latin, Lipsire, 1695, 4to) ; Hase, ^ ;«//ysM (Brem. 1G97, 4to) ; * Van Toll, Vitlegyinge (Utrecht, 1700, 4to) ; Schiu-rmann, Schuuhiihne (\Vesel, 1700, 4to ; in Dutch, ib. 1703, 4to) ; Zie:r old, A uslegunf/ [mystical] (Francfort, 1720, 4to) ; J, A. Turretin, in his De S. S. Interpretatione, p. 307^5 (ed. Teller, Tr. ad Rh. 1728, 8vo) ; Chandler, Commentary (Lond.l735,4to) . mchter, Animadveisiones (Vitemb. 1747, 8vo) , Baumgarten, Auskfjung (Halle, 1756, 4to) ; Cramer, Commentarius (in his Scyth. Denkm. Kiel and Hamb. 1777-8, p. 143-245) ; Couz, Dissertatio, etc. (Tiib. 1783, 4to) ; Biittner, Jod rates (Coburg, 1784, 8vo) ; Eckermann, Erkldrung (Tiib. u. Lpz. 1786^ 8vo) ; Justi, Erlduterxmg (Lpz. 1792, 8vo) ; Wiggers, Erkldrung (Gott. 1799, 8vo) ; Horsier, Notes (in Bihl. Crit. ii, 390) ; M.Philippson, trnin:: nri5^ [including Hos.] (Dessau, 1805, 8vo) ; Swanborg, Notm (Upsala, 1806, 8vo) ; *Ro- senmiiller. Scholia (in vol. vii, pt. i, Lipsiae, 1827, 8vo) ; Schriider, Anmerk. [includ. other poet, books] (in Har- fenkldnge, etc., Hildsh. 1827, 8vo; also separately, Lpz. 1829, 8vo) ; l{d\2haxi?,ea,Weissagung, etc. (Gcitting. 1829, 8vo); *Credner,£'?-i-?a/-M«^[Rationahstic] (Halle, 1831, 8vo) ; *Meier, Erkldrung (Tiib. 1844, 8vo) ; Robinson, Homilies (Lond. 1865, 8vo). See Prophets, Minor.
8. A chief of the Gadites, resident in Bashan (1 Chron. V, 12). B.C. cir. 782.
9. A Levite, son of Uzziah or Azariah, and father of Elkanah, of the family of Kohath (1 Chron. vi, 36), and one of those who co-operated with Hezekiah in his res- toration of the Temple services (2 Chron. xxix, 12). B.C. 726. In 1 Chron. vi, 24 he is called Shall by an evident error of transcribers.
10. A descendant of Simeon, apparently one of those whose enlarging families compelled them to emigrate to the valley of Gedor, whose aboriginal inhabitants they expelled (1 Chron. iv, 35). B.C. cir. 712.
11. Son of Zichri, and prajfect of the Benjamites res- ident at Jerusalem alter the captivity (Neh. xi, 9). B.C. 536.
12. One of the "sons" of Nebo,-who divorced his Gentile wife after the return from Babylon (Ezra, x,43). B.C.459.
Joe'lah {Yich. Yoelah', tlSS^""', derivation uncer- tain; Sept. 'Iw?;\« V. r. 'itXi'a, Vulg. Jo<J/(f), one of the two sons of Jcroham of Gedor, mentioned along with the brave Benjamite archers and others who joined David's fortunes at Ziklag (1 Chron. xii, 7). B.C." 1055.
Joe'zer (Heb. Yoe'zer, '^T^;i'i, Jehovah is his help; Sept. 'loZaap V. r. 'Iw^apa), one of the Korhites who reinforced David while at Ziklag, and remained among his famous body-guard (1 Chron. xii, 6). B.C. 1055.