Journal, or Diurnal, is the ancient name of the day hours contained in the Breviary (q. v.). By it was also known in monasteries the diary of daily expenses.
Journey (prop. 5&3, to pull up the stakes of one's
JOVE
1037
JOVINIAN
tent preparatory to removal ; Tropivoixai) properly re- fers to travel by land. See Travelling.
Ill the East, a daifs journey is reckoned about sixteen or twenty miles. To this distance around the Hebrew camp were the quails scattered for food for the people (Numb, xi, 31). Shaw computes the eleven days' jour- ney from Sinai to Kadesh Barnea (Deut. i, 2) to be about one hundred and ten miles. The first day's jour- ney (Luke ii, 44) is usually a short one (Hackett's II- lu'stra. of Script, p. 12). See Day's Journey.
A Sabbatk-ilai/'s joiinie// (Acts i, 12) is reckoned by the Hebrews at about seven furlongs, or one mile and three quarters, and it is said that if any Jew travelled above this from the city on the Sabbath he was beaten. See Sabbath-day's Journey.
Jove. See Jupiter.
Jouvenci or Jouvency, Joseph de, an eminent Jesuit, was born at Paris Sept. 14, 1G43. He taught rhetoric with uncommon reputation at Caen, La Fleche, and Paris, and at length was invited to Rome, in order to continue the " History of the Jesuits" with more free- dom than he coidd have enjoyed at Paris. His other principal works are two volumes of speeches, a small tract entitled De Ratione Discendi et Doceiuli, and notes on different classical writers. In his histon,' of the Jes- uits he attempts to justify father Guignard, the Jesuit, who was executed for encouraging the bigoted assassm Chatel in his attempt on the life of Henry IV. In France Parliament prohibited the publication or circu- lation of the work on that account. See Gorton, Bioyr. Diet. s. V.
Jovian (sometimes, but erroneouslj', called Jovin- ian). fully Flavius Claudius Jovianus, Koman em- peror from A.D. 363 to 364. His predecessor Julian ■was slain on the field of battle, in his unhappy cam- paign against the Persians, June 26, A.D. 363. Jovi- anus, finding the continuation of the unfortunate strug- gle useless, sought its termination, and secured quite honorable terms from the Persians, and, once free from the attacks of foreign enemies, he at once initiated measures to establish his authority in the West, and hereafter his time was mainl\' devoted to administra- tive and legislative business. Immediately after his election to the imperial dignity Jovianus had professed himself to be a Christian, and one of his first measures when peace was restored to his dominions was the cel- ebrated edict by -which he placed the Christian religion on a legal basis, and thus put an end to the persecutions to which the Christians had been exposed diuring the short reign of Julian. The heathens were, however, equally protected, and no superiority was allowed to the one over the other. The different sectaries assailed him with petitions to help them against each other, but he decUned interfering, and referred them to the decis- ion of a general council; and the Arians showing them- selves most troublesome, he gave them to understand that impartiality was the first duty of an emperor. His friend xVthanasius was restored to his see at Alexandria. He died suddenly on his way home from the Orient, A.D. 3*>4. It is possible, though not probable, that he died a violent death, to which Ammianus ]Marcellinus (xxv, 5-10) seems to allude when he compares his death with that of ^Emilianus Scipio. See De la Bleterie, ///.<- toire de Jovien (Amsterdam, 1740), the best work on the subject. — Smith, Diet. Grk: mul Rom. Biog- ii, 615.
Jovinian, emperor. See Jovian.
Joviuian, one of the early opponents of monachism, and, in a measure, one of the earliest reformers before the Reformation, flourished near the end of the 4th cen- tury. He was an Italian, but whether a native of Rome or Milan is not known. He taught in both cities, and gained a number of adherents. His real opinions, freed from the misrepresentations of his opponents, it is hard- ly possible to ascertain; it is apparent, however, that he opposed asceticism, which we find so generally and strenuously advocated in the ^vritings of the Church