1. The second named of the six sons of Jahdai, of the family of Caleb the Hezronite (1 Chron. ii, 47). B.C. post i612.
2. The youngest of Gideon's seventy legitimate sons, and the only one who escaped when the rest were mas- sacred by the order of Abimelech (Judg. ix, 5) B.C. 1322. When the fratricide was made king by the peo- ple of Shechcm, the young Jotham was so daring as to make his appearance on Mount Gerizim for the purpose of lifting up a protesting voice, and of giving vent to his feelings (see Thomson, Land ami Book, ii, 210). This he did in a beautiful parable, wherein the trees are rep- resented as making choice of a king, and bestowing on the bramble the honor which the cedar, the olive, and the vine would not accept. See Fable. The obvious application, which, indeed, Jotham failed not himself to point out, must have been highly exasperating to Abim- elech and his friends ; but the speaker fled, as soon as he liad delivered his parable, to the town of Beer, and re- mained there out of his brother's reach (.Judg. ix, 7-21). We hear no more of him ; but three years after, if then living, he saw the accomplishment of the malediction he had pronounced (Judg. ix, 57). — Kitto.
3. A person named by Josephus (IwaStafioQ, Ant.vVn, 1, 3) as the son of Bukki and father of Meraioth, in the regular line of Phinehas's descendants, although he (m- correctly) states that these lived privately ; he seems to refer to Zeraiiiah (q. v.) of the scriptural list (I Chron.
vi,o). Sec IIlGII-PKIEST.
4. The eleventh king of the separate kingdom of Ju- dah, and son of Uzziah (by Jerusha, daughter of Za- dok), whom he succeeded B.C. 756 ; he reigned sixteen years (comp. trlie synchronism in 1 Chron. v, 17). His father having during his last years been excluded by leprosy from public life, the government was adminis- tered by his son, at that time twentv-five years of age (2 Chron. xxvi, 21, 23 ; xxvii, 1 ; 2 Kings xv, 33). B.C. 781. Sec UzziAir. For the chronological difficulties of his reign (see Crusius, I)e <era Jothamica, Lips. 1756 ; Winer's Reabeorterh. s. v.), see Ciironoi.ogv. Jotham profited by the experience which the reign of his fa- ther, and of the kings who preceded him, afforded, and he ruled in the fear of God, although he was unable to correct all the corrupt practices into which the people had fallen. His sincere intentions were rewarded with n prosperous reign. He was successful in his wars. Tlie Ammonites, who had •' given gifts" as a sort of trib- ute to Uzziah, but had ceased to do so after his leprosy had incapacitated him from governing, were constrain- ed l)y Jotham, but not till several years after he had be- come settled as sole monarch, to pay, for the three re- maining years of his reign, a heavy tribute in silver, wheat, and barley (2 Chron. xxvi, 8; xxvii, 5,6). Many important public works were also undertaken and ac- comiilishod by Jotham. The principal gate of the Tem- ple was nl)nilt I)y him on a more magnificent scale ; the (|uart(r oCOplul, in Jerusalem, was strengthened by new fortilicatiuns ; various towns were built or rebuilt in the
mountains of Judah; and castles and towers of defence were erected in the wilderness. Jotham died greatly lamented by his people, and was buried in the sepulchre of the kings (2 Kings xv, 38 ; 2 Chron. xvii, 3-9). B.C. 740. — Kitto. His reign was favored with the ministra- tions of the prophets Isaiah, Hosea, and Jlicah (Isa. i, 1 ; vii, 1 , Hos. i, 1 ; Mic. i, 1). See Judah.
5. A high-priest named by Josephus ('Iw«3njt(oe, Ard. X, 8, 6) as son of Joel and father of Urijah in the regular incumbency ; probably the Amakiah (q. v.) of 1 Chron. vi, 11). See High-priest.
Joubert, Francis, a noted French ecclesiastical wri- ter, born at Montpellier Oct. 12, 1689, entered the ser- vice of the Eomish Church in 1728. In 1730 he was im- prisoned in the Bastile as a Jansenist, and afterwards ex- iled to Montpellier. He subsequently returned to Paris, and there died, Dec. 23, 1763. He wrote extensively, espe- cially in the department of exegetical theologj% Among his best works we reckon £xplication de Vllist. de Joseph (Paris, 1728, 12mo) : — Eclairdssement sur les Discours de Job (12mo) : — Traite du Caractere essentiel a tons les ProjDhetes (12mo) : — Observations sur Joel (Avignon, 1733, 12mo) -.—Lettres sur V Interpretation des Ecritures (Paris, 1744, 12mo): — Concordance et EorjMcation des principalcs Propheties de Jeremie, d^Ezechiel et de Dan- iel (Paris, 1745, 4to) : — Ex]Mcation des piincipules p7-oph- eties, etc. (Avignon [Paris], 1749, 5 vols.): — Commenr taires sur les Douze petits Projihetes (Avignon, 1754, 6 vols. 12mo) : — Commentaire sur V Apocalypse (Avignon [Paris], 1762, 2 vols. 12mo) ; etc. See Chaudon et De- landine. Diet. Univ. Hist or. Crit. et Biblioe/r. ; Querard, La France Litteraire ; Hoefer, A'oMr. Biogr. Generale, xxvii, 18. (J. X. P.)
Jouffroy, Theodore Sixion", a noted modern French eclectic philosopher, was born at Pontets in 1796. In 1832 he became professor of philosophy at the College of France, and continued in this relation until 1837. lie died in 1842. He was by far the most celebrated pupil of Cousin, and very popular as a writer of great ele- gance of style and terseness of diction. He first became known to the public at large through the medium of a translation of Dugald Stewart's Moral Philosophy. To this translation he prefixed an essay or preface, in which he vindicates the study of intellectual science against the attacks of those who would banish all, ex- cept natural philosophy, out of the domain of human investigation. " Nothing," says JloreU {Hist, of Mod. Phil. p. 662), " can exceed the clearness, and even the beauty, with which he establishes in this little produc- tion the fundamental principles of intellectual philoso- phy." To a- careful observer it is evident that he had deeply imbibed the principles and the spirit of the Scot- tish metaphysicians, whilst, at the same time, he would generally rise to those more expansive views of philo- sophical truth which were inculcated in the lectures of his illustrious instructor. In the Melanges Philoso- phiques (Paris, 1833 ; 2d edit. 1838-43), the'second work to which we desire to call attention, "we see," says Morell, " the zealous pupil and successor of Cousin, the genuine modern eclectic, touching more or less upon all points within the range of intellectual philosophy, and pouring light derived from all directions upon them. We feel ourselves in company with a master mind, one who does not servileh' follow in the track pointed out by others, but yet who knows how to appreciate the labors of all true-hearted thinkers, and to malce their resiUts tell upon the elucidation of his own system." We have not space here to elucidate his system, and refer our readers to Morell. His works were published entire in 6 octavo vols, in 1836. See Caro, iii the Revue de deux Alondes, March 15, 1865.