Julius II. Rope, Cardinai. deu.a Rovicre, nephew i of pope .^•xtus IV, t.H.k the papal chair after the one month s rule o( Pms IH, in 1503. He was born at Albez- /.ola, near Sayona, m 1441 ; became successively bishop of I (a pe,uras,A bano,Ostia,I5,,logna,Avignon,andMende, ami was finally made cardinal by his uncle, Sixtus IV >unng the pontificate of Alexander VI, the most infa- 1 earin'"'.?:"' °''" ^'^ l-'P-"^^Ji- ^lella RoveJe in, T" *" '.'"'I^^--^ "le way for his own succes-
n Sw ho' 'T''"''' ^" '^' ^=^^^''"'-^1 d'Amboise, nrclibishop ol Rouen and minister of Louis \II be-
came his competitor, and tlie claims of the French prelate were sustained by an army marching against Rome. Outwitted in this attempt, Julian at once set out to procure his fntiu-e success, and, persuading the Italian cardinals that their interest demanded the elec- tion of a native pope, secured the election of Piccolomini as pope Pius III. During the short reign of the latter Julian resumed his intrigues, and when Pius III died, twenty-six days after his election, Julian had so well succeeded in bribing the most influential cardinals by promises of power and temporal advantages that he received the position. After his exaltation to the pa- pal throne, he set about to raise the papacy from the political degradation to which it had sinik during the reign of his predecessors, generally termed " the night of the papacy." Determined to recover for the Church all that had belonged to the Roman see in the da3's of In- nocent III, he began by driving Ctesar Borgia out of his iU-gotten possessions m the Romagna; but there he found another power, the Venetians, who, during the preceding troubles, had taken possession of Ravenna, Rimini, and other places. The Venetians offered to pay tribute to the see of Rome for those territories, but Ju- lius refused, and demanded their absolute restitution to the Church. After fruitless negotiations, Julius, in 1508, made a league with Louis XII, the emperor Maximil- ian, and the duke of Ferrara, against Venice. This was called tho League of Cambray, and its object was the destruction of the republic of Venice and the partition of its territories. Venice, however, stood firm, although its armies were defeated and its territories were rav- aged by both Germans and French. At last Julius him- self, having recovered the town of Romagna, perceived the impolicy of uniting with ultramontane sovereigns against the oldest Italian state, and accordingly, in Feb. 1510, he made peace with Venice. Wishing to undo the mischief which he had done, and to drive the for- eigners (whom he styled " barbarians") out of Italy, he first sought to arm the Germans against the French, whom he dreaded most ; but, not succeeding, he called to his aid the Swiss. He himself took the field, and at- tacked and took the town of La Mirandola, entering it by a breach, in January, 1511; later he met with re- verses, and lost Bologna. But in the following Octo- ber his legates succeeded in forming a league, which he called '-holy," with Ferdinand of Spain, Henrj' of England, the Venetians, and the Swiss. The campaign subsequent, in 1512, effected the total expulsion of the French from Lombardy. But this was done by the Swiss, German, and Spanish troops, and Julius merely succeeded in dri^-ing one party of foreigners out of Italy by means of other foreigners, who meantime subverted the rqiublic of Florence, and gave it to the IMedici. In the midst of these events, Julius died of an inflamma- tory disease, on the 21st of February, 1513. He was suc- ceeded by Leo X. Louis XII had convoked a council in order to obtain the approval of the French clerg\- on his warfare against Rome. To retort this measure the fifth Lateran Council was convoked (brought to a close after the accession of Leo X), and thus the designs of the French king were completely frustrated. As an ec- clesiastical ruler, Julius has little to recommend him in the eyes of the Christian Church. As a political sov- ereign, he is described by Ranke as " a noble soul, full of lofty plans for the glory and weal of Italy ;" and pro- fessor Leo considers him, with all his defects, as one of the noblest characters of that age in Italy. He was fond of the fine arts, patronized liramante, Michael An- gelo, and Raffaelle, and began the structure of St. Pe- ter's Church. See Knylish Ciiclopmdia, s. v. ; Herzog, Real-Encyklop. vii, 157 ; Reichel, Roman See in the Mid- rf/e^r/e«,p.534sq.; ^ayim!mn,Politik d.Papste; Bower, Hist, of the Popes, vii, 372 sq. ( J. H. W.)
Julius III, I'ojie (Gian-Maria del Monte, Cardi- nal Giocci). succeeded Paul III in 1550. He was born at Monte San Sovlno, near Arezzo, Sept, 10, 1487. He first stiulied la\v, but, securing the protection of his uu-
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cle, cardinal Antonio del Monte, he entered the Church, and soon became archbishop, and was intrusted with tlie administration of different dioceses. Paul III made him cardinal of St.Vitale and bishop of St. Pak'Striiia, and sent him as one of the four legates to open the Council of Trent (q. v.). After his elevation to the pontificate he reopened (1551) the sittings of the Coun- cil of Trent, suspended under liii predecessor (1549). Closely allied to Charles V, he spent his reign in quar- relling with Prance, Venice, and also with Ferdinand, king of the Romans, and brother of Charles V. His name is linked with English history by his efforts to organize with i\Iary tlie reunion of England with Pome. See Pole. Jidiiis III died in JMarch, 1555, leaving be- hind him a very indifferent character, marked by in- capacity and misconduct. While a cardinal he was remarkable for his firmness and activity, but after be- coming pope he gave himself up to luxury and pleasure, and went so far in his disregard of all consistency as to give the cardinal's place left vacant by his election to one of his servants, whose only merit consisted in having taken care of his pet monkey. See Ciacconi, VitcB Pontif. ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biorj. Generale, xxvii, 1G5 ; Herzog, Real-Encyklop. vii, 158 ; Ranke, Papacy, i, 201 sq. ; Bower, Hist, of the Popes, vii, 458 sq.