be no longer any need for contention, andPompey.alone would be intrusted with, the responsibility of the Roman government. A decree was quickly passed by the Ro- man senate commanding Cffisar to disband his forces ; but Cresar not only refused to comply with the demand, but actually marched against Pompey, whom he soon drove from Rome, and in the Eternal City, B.C. 49, was made dictator. Of the jjursuit of Pompey and the fate of the latter we need not speak here ; but the noble con- duct of the Roman general towards his fallen enemy and towards his assassins is so meritorious in its char- acter, that it deserves at least, in passing, a Christian commendation. When the news of the death of Pom- pey reached Rome, Cresar was again appointed dictator for one year and consul for five years, and was invested with tribunicial power for life. His adherence to the cause of Cleopatra led him to enter Egypt and to engage in the "Alexandrine war," which also he brought to a successful termination in March, B.C. 47. In Septem- ber of this year he returned to Rome, and was once more appointed dictator. But with the death of Pompey his partisans had by no means vanished. It is true that they had quitted Rome, but in Africa they were still dutiful to the memory and principles of their late mas- ter. To Africa, therefore, Csesar directed his steps; the party of Pompey was quickly attacked and sub- dued. The feud of Metellus, of Scipio, of Cato, and Juba was sad indeed, but the display of noble and wise generosity which Cajsar now displayed towards those arra}'ed in arms against him proves him " to have been possessed of a great, magnanimous nature. He was not a man that could stoop to the vulgar atrocities of Ma- rius or Sulla, and so he majestically declared that hence- forth he had no enemies, and thet hereafter he would make no difference between Pompeians and Cesareans." Returned to Rome, he celebrated his victories in Gaul, Egypt, Pontus, and Africa by four great triumphs, dur- ing which the whole Roman populace was feasted and feted by his magnificent Uberality. But the display iu which Cffisar indulged soon led the Romans to fear that he aimed higher than the dictatorship — that absolute government was his object. Roman patriotism had not yet expired. Many there were in the Eternal City in whose veins flowed republican blood, and the man who dared to conspire to deprive them of the liberties they had so long enjoyed was doomed to fall at their hands. His death seemed the only surety of the continuation of their long-enjoyed privileges of a free and untram- meled government. While Csesar was planning l;ow soonest to Avear the insignia of royalty, Brutus and other senators were sharpening their weapons to take his life. On the ides or fifteenth of March, after Cwsar had taken his accustomed seat in the senate at the Capitol, a friend gave him a paper containing an account qf the
Caius Julius Csesar.
JULIUS ECHTER
1094
JULIUS III
co;ispiracv against his life, but, while yet holding it in his hand," the conspirators themselves crowded around him, and at a given signal their daggers pierced his breast, and Korae was visited by the greatest disaster that could have befallen her at this time. To secular works belongs a reference to the writings of this re- markable character. For his reformation of the calen- dar, see CAi-ENn-VK, Roman. By the ecclesiastical writ- er Cii'sar deserves notice for his kind enactments in be- half of t he Jews, and generous treatment of them. From this people he had received valuable assistance during his campaign in Egj-pt, and Civsar always preserved a grateful recollection of Antipater and his brethren. In Egypt he confirmed all the privileges the Jews had pre- ^•io"llsly enjoyed. In Judwa more favorable laws were en- acted; Antipater was appointed lieutenant of the coun- trj-, with the honored title of a Roman citizen ; Hyr- canus was confirmed in the priesthood, and provision was made for the fortification of the Holy City and the repair of its walls. See Josephus, Jewish A ntiquities, bk. xiv, chap, viii sq. ; Strabo, Geography (Bohn's ed.), iii, isi. SeeC-ESAU. (J.H.W.)
Jf.lius EcHTEU. See Mespelbruxx.
Julius Hesrv, duke of Brunswick, deserves our no- tice on account of his identification with the Reform movement of the 16th centurj% He was born July 10, 1538, anil was originally designed for the clerical office, but in 1508 he succeeded his father, and at once intro- duced the religion of the Reformers, for which he had j early manifested a strong inclination. In 157G he found- ed the I'liiversity of Helmstedt. He died May 3, 1589.
Julius Mateunus. See Firmicls.
Julius I, Pope, a native of Rome, succeeded JMarcus (t Oct. 7, 33G) on the 6th of Feb. 337, after the papal chair had been vacant for four months. We know hard- j ly anything of him beyond the part he took in the Ath- j anasian controversy. He sided with Athanasius, and [ convoked a synod :> be held under his presidency; but the Eastern churches were not inclined to admit the right of arbitration and decision of the Roman bishop in , such matters (see Epist. Sunodalis Sjn. Sunlicensis ad i Donatiim, in Mansi, iii, 136), and declared to Julius that j they did not admit his superiority to any other bishop, j even though his was the largest city ; vet they would ' continue in friendly relation with him if he would re- I noimce the plan of subverting their decisions. Julius persisted in holding the synod despite the absence of tli(! Eastern bishops, and Athanasius was declared the j la\vful bishop. He also took part, through his legates, m the Synod of Sarilica. The Eastern bishops of this council, after their withdrawal to Philippopolis, excom- I municated Julius. But this continued opposition did I udt prevent him from writing in 340, on the return of ' Atliai.asius to .Uexandria, to the Church of that city an i autugrapli letter of congratulation. This letter, and the ! one mentioned above, are all that we have from the pen 1 of Julius (see Socrates, Ilht. Kcd. ii, 23 ; Athanasius, Apol. L>, p. 770). He died April 12, 852, and is commem- orated ni the Roman Catholic Church on that day. The ' Eastern (Church erroneously considers JuUus as "the an- ! t lor of one of its liturgies. See Socrates, lib. ii and iii • Baronms,.l„«.A-ccfe.; Tillemont, ^/«,wtVfs ; Sozomen! A- jV'c/. art. 8 ; l)upi„, Bibliotheque des A uteurs Ecdes. ; Baillet. 1 ivs des SaiiU^, April 12; Herzog, Real-Enaj- \ kb>,,„du' ; lloefer, Nonv. Jjiog. Generak, xxvii, 157. j