Jutnenta, cattle. Heretics who denied the resur- rection of the dead were accustomed to bestow oppro- brious epithets on those who persisted in maintaining the truth of Scripture. Sometimes they called them curnei, ani7nales,jumenta, carnal, sensual, cattle ; also lit- tei, earthy, etc.— Farrar, Eccles. Diet. s. v.
Jumpers or Barkers is a name for those persons who, as an inference from 2 Sam. vi, IG, believe that re- ligious worship must be accompanied by violent agita- tions, convulsive leaping and dancing. This singular religious belief is said to have originated among the congregations of Jlr. Whitefield, iu the western part of Wales, about 17G0, but it soon found friends among the Quakers, and later among the Irvingitcs. The Jumpers found special defenders in the Welsh poet William Wil- liams (q. v.), Harris Rowland (q. v.), etc. They are sometimes called Bctrlcers because frequently they do not confine their religious exuberances to jumping and dancing, but accompany them with violent groans and incoherent remarks, often degenerating into a sort of bellowing. Discountenancc(l in England, the Jump- ers emigrated to the United States, and here they con- tinue to flourish moderately. We believe they have some adherents in Pennsylvania and Ohio, and particu- larly in the extreme West. Evans, in his Sketch of the Denominations of the Christian World (Lond. 1811), re- lates his experience in a meeting of the Jumpers which he attended: "About the year 1785 I myself was verj' accidentally present at a meeting which terminated in jumping. It was held in the open air, on a Sunday even- ing, near Newport, in Monmouthshire. The preacher was one of lady Huntingdon's students, who concluded his sermon with the recommendation of jumping ; and I must allow him the ]iraise of consistency, for he got down from the chair on which he stood and jumped along with his hearers. The arguments he adduced for this purpose were, that David danced before the ark, that the babe leaped in the womb of Elizabeth, and that the man whose lameness was removed leaped and praised God for the mercy which he had received ! He expa- tiated on these topics with uncommon fervency, and then drew the inference that they ought to show simi- lar expressions of joy for the blessings which Jesus Christ had put into their possession. He then gave an impassioned sketch of the sufferings of the Saviour, and thereby roused the passions of a few around him into a state of violent agitation. About nine men and seven women for some little time rocked to and fro, groaned aloud, and then jumped with a kind of frantic fun,-. I Some of the audience flew in all directions ; others gazed I on in silent amazement. They all gradually dispersed I
except the jumpers, who continued their exertions from eight in the evening till near eleven at night. I saw the conclusion of it; they at last kneeled down in a cir- cle, holding each other by the hand, while one of them prayed with great fervor, and then, all rising up from off their knees, departed ; but previous to their disper- sion they wildly pointed up towards the sky, and re- minded one another that they should soon meet there, and never again be separated."
Jung. See Stilling.
Ju'nia, or rather Ju'nias (lovviac, a dcriv. of Junius, tlie name of a Roman family), a Christian at Rome, to whom Paul addressed a salutation in connec- tion with Andronicus, as being his " kinsmen aud fel- low-prisoners, who are of note among the apostles," and were in Christ before himself (Rom. xvi, 7) ; hence prob- ably of Jewish extraction. A.D. 55. As the gender of the epithets applied is uncertain {avyyu'tiQ Ka'i avvatx- liaXuTovc}, some (e. g. Origen, Chrysostom, and other fathers) have supposed a female (loin'icn' comes equally well from 'lovvia') to be meant (but see Michaelis, in Pott's Syllof/e, vii, 128).
Junilius OF Africa, generally believed to have been bishop in the 6th ccnturj-, is known by his work De partihus cKvince lerjis, dedicated to a certain bishop Primasius, probably the one of Hadrumetum who in 553 indorsed the Constitutum of VigiUus. Junilius himself claimed no originality, but acknowledged his obligation to a certain Paidus of Persia, supposed to have been Paulus of Bassora, who afterwards became metropolitan of Nisibis (though he was not a Persian). The work is in the form of a dialogue between a master and his pu- pil, and is a sort of introduction to the sacred writings. The first book, on Scripture, is divided into two parts, on the outwa7-d expression and the inward meaning; the outward expression contains five particulars — the spe- cies of writing, its authority, its author, its style, and its order of place. The inward meaning has reference especially to three particulars, God, this world, and the next. The second book treats of this world, its crea- tion, its government, the properties and accidents of nature, the nature of will, and the consequences and re- sults of will. Junilius then speaks of types, of predic- tions before and under the law concerning Christ and the calling of the Gentiles, and of Reason in its agree- ment with the commands of Scriptiu-e. Special atten- tion is due to the fact tliat Junilius does not count the Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Job, Judith, Esther, and the Maccabees among canonical books. The work has been published as Junilii de Partibus Divinai Legis, libri ii (Basil. 1545, 8vo; Francfort ad Oder, 1G03, 8vo; and in Bihlioth. Patri. i). — Herzog, Real-EnojUop. vii, 174 sq. ; Clark, Success, of Sac. Lit. ii, 323.