upon tne work of union when that of reformation be- came impossible. To one who regards his course from this point every stage of his transition from Basle to Florence will become clear and consistent. Everjavhere we shall recognise a careful provision for the exigencies , of the Church, formed from the matured experience of ' its past dangers, and a disinterested zeal which, in an age of selfish intrigue, was as naturally misrepresented as it was wilfully misunderstood. The insinuation of (Jibbon is at once confronted by the fact that if Julian had not sought the peace of the Church rather than his own aggrandizement, he might have grasped at this moment the papacy itself, and wrested from Eugenius that authority under which he was content to close a life of brilliant but ill-requited service" (Jenkins, p. 2GG-2G8). But if the conduct of JuUan had hitherto been the outgrowth of a sincere heart, we can only look with sus- picion upon his actions in the Council of Florence, re- moved thither from Ferrara. His name deserves to be treated with ignominy for the duplicity he manifested towards the leading prelates of the Eastern Church, and from this time dates the earliest " moral declension in the coiu-se of Jidian, which was at once closed and ex- piated in the dark page of the Hungarian legation." tSee Flokence, CoUN'CiL of; Purgatory: Filioque: JosEi'ii OF CoNSTANTixoPLE. For his Valuable ser- vices to the papacy, Eugenius bestowed on him the bish- opric of Frascati, and in 1443 further evinced his recog- nition of Julian's efforts by appointing him legate to Hungary, which country, the very bulwark against fur- ther advances of the Turks, v.as at this time threat- ened by civil dissensions, and was fast developing many causes of as serious appreheiisi(ms to the court of Kome as Bohemia had done in the previous century. See Sig- tsMTNi) ; Wladislas. Again Julian was obliged to lay aside his spiritual weapons, and to draw the temporal sword wliich he had once before wielded so unsuccessful- ly. But not only did he change the manner and weapons of warfare, but even the principles for which he fought; and hereafter Julian is marked by an imscnipulous pur- suit of liis object, and it becomes really difiicult to de- tect, under the strange disguise which he henceforth as- sumes, '• the features of that enlightened mind which in- spired the decrees and directed the correspondence of tlie Council of Basle." His task was to heal the dissen- sions of the Hungarian royalty, and to enlist that coun- try, in luiion with all tlie rest of Christendom, to check tlie further advance, and, if possible, bring about the ut- ter annihilation of the Turks; and when the sadden ileatli of the queen regent Elizabeth (which is often- times said to have been caused b}^ Julian Cesarinus) and tlie accession of Wladislas had secured to the Turks a peace of ten years, it was Julian who came forward to argue with the king on the fallacy of adhering to a compact with heretics, especially as the treaty had been made without the sanction of the holy see. The apos- tolic autliority served to free Wladislas from his obli- gation, and tlie war with the Saracens began anew, in which both king and paiial legate fell a prev to Moham- medan defenders at the battle of Yarna "(1440). Ac- cording to some, Jidian was murdered in his dight liv a Wallachian who saw gold on his clothes; others say that i the Hungarians killed him in punislmient for his evil j advice; wiiile other.s, again, say tliat he died in 144(1. in lonsequeiice of a wound received while leading on tlic Christians; and some l.'nmish liistorians even claim that he suffered martyrdom in the camp of the Turks; Ijut as none ()f tlie contemporary historians knew anything ot the kind to have occurred, it seems nseless to' refute the statement. His speeches are contained in the Acts of Councils, and his two letters to Eugenius concerning- the Council of Basic in the Fasciculus rerum ea-pHcnd. (C(.l. l-)3.^), p. 27 s(i. See Jenkins. Life and Times of (- animal .fulian (London, 1861, 8vo) ; Hefele, Quurlal- '■linj), lH47,ii; Q.a.\c,Scriptores eccles.; Schriickh. A'/r- "w/wAic/i/p,xxxii, 11 sq.; Milman, Z.«^j« Christiamty i^ee Index in vol. viii). (J. H. W.)
Julian Calendar. See Calendar, Eojiax. Julian Cross, or Cross of St. Julian, is the
name of a crosslet placed saltire-ways. See Cross.
Julian Epoch ; Julian Year. See Chrosol- OGV, Christi.vx.
Juliana, St, See Corpus Christi.
Julianists. See Julian of Halicarnassus.
Juliano, a Spanish Eoman Catholic of the 17th century, who, while travelling in Germany, was con- verted" to the Protestant faith. His zeal for the diffu- sion of the Word of God led him to undertake the dan- gerous enteriwise of conveying into Spam a large quan- tity of Bibles concealed in casks, and packed up as Ehenish wine. A pretended Protestant betraj-ed him. He was seized by the Inquisition, and, together with eight hundred purchasers of his precious treasure, was condemned to the torture and to death.— Fox, Bouk of Martyrs, p. 136.
Julias, the name given by Philip the Tetrarch to Bethsaida in honor of Julia, the daughter of the em- peror Augustus. See Bethsaida.
Julitta of Cappadocia, a female martjT of the 4th century, under Diocletian, was a Lycaonian of royal de- scent, and greatly celebrated for her Christian virtues. To avoid the bigoted rage of the pagan governor, she withdrew from Iconium, her native city, to Tarsus. But here, with her young son Cyricus, she was seized, and, confessing herself a Christian, was ordered to the rack. Her beautiful boy, for repeating his mother's words, " I am a Christian," was dashed in pieces on the pavement before her eyes, for which the dying mother gave thanks to God. After patiently suffering various torments, she was beheaded, April 16, A.D. 305. — Fox, Book of Mar- tyrs, p. 55.