JUPITER
1099
JUPITER
the laws of their fathers, and not to live after the laws of Goil ; and to pollute also the Temple in Jeitusalem, and to call it the temple of Jupiter Olympius (dioc 'OXvfnriov), and that in Gerizim, of Jupiter the defend- er of strangers (Sept. Awf 'Ztviov ; Vulg. hospitalis), as they did desire tliat dwelt in the place." Olympius was a very common epithet of Zeus, and he is sometimes simply called 'OXi'^nrLoe (Homer, //. xix, 108). Olym- pia, in (Jreece, was the seat of the temple and sacred grove of Zeus Olympius, and it was here that the fa- mous statue of gold and ivory, the work of Phidias, was erected. Caligula attempted to have this statue re- moved to Kome, and it was only preserved in its place by the assiu-ance that it would not bear removal (Josephus, Ant. xix, 1, 1). Antiochus Epiphanes, as related by Atheni^us, surpassed all other kings in his worship and veneration of the gods, so that it was impossible to count the number of the statues he erected. His espe- cial favorite was Zeus. The Olympian Zeus was the national god of the Hellenic race (Thucydides, iii, 14), as well as the supreme ruler of the heathen world, and, as such, formed the true opposite to Jehovah, who had revealed liimself as the God of Abraham. Antiochus commenced, in B.C. 174, the completion of the temple of Zeus Olympius at Athens (Polybius, jReliq. xxvi, 10; Livy, Hist, xli, 20), and associated the worship of Jupi- ter with tliat of Apollo at Daphne, erecting a statue to the former god resembling that of Phidias at Olympia (Amm. Marcell. xxii, 13. 1). Games were celebrated at Daphne by AiitiDclius, uf which there is a long account in Polybius ( /,'< /i'j. xxxi. ;)) and Athenteus (v, 5). Coins also were struck referring to the god and the games (Mionnet, v, 215 ; Mu]lcr,Antiq. Aniioch. p. 62-64). On the coins of Elis, the wreath of wild olive (kotivoc) dis- tinguishes Zeus Olympius from the Dodontean Zeus, who has an oak wreath.
Antiochus, after compelling the Jews to call the Tem- ple of Jerusalem the temple of Jupiter Olympius, built an idol altar upon the altar of God. Upon this altar swine were offered every da}', and the broth of their flesh was sprinkled abont the Temiile (1 jNIacc. i, 40; 2 Mace, vi, 5; Josephus, Anf. xii, 5, 4; xiii, 8, 2; War, i, 1, 2). The idol altar which was upon the altar of God {tov jSuJiiuv Of ji/y tTTt Tov S'vmaaTripiov) was consider- ed by the Jews to be the "abomination of desolation" QiciXvyfxa rJ/c fp';/twff£wc, 1 Mace, i, 54) foretold by Daniel (xi, 31; xii, 11) and mentioned l)y our Lord (Matt, xxiv, 15). JMany interpretations of the meaning of this prophecy have been given. .See Abomination OF Desolation.
The grove of Daphne was not far from Antioch (^Aacpvt] ij Trpog 'ApTioxftnv, 2 Mace, iv, 33; Josephus, Wa?; i, 12, 15), and at this city Antiochus Epiphanes erected a temple for the worship of Jupiter CapitoUniis. See Daphne. It is described by Livy as having its walls entirely adorned with gold (xli, 20). To Jupiter Capitohnus the Jews, after the taking of Jerusalem, in whatever country they might be, were compelled by Vespasian to pay two drachma;, as they used to pay to the Temple at Jerusalem (Josephus, Jr«7-, vii, 6, 6 ; Dion Cass. Ixvi, 7). Hadrian, after the second revolt of the Jews, erected a temple to Jupiter Capitolinus in the place where the temple of Go.l formerly stood (Dion Cass. Ixix, 12). There is, probably, reference made to Jupiter Capitolinus in Dan. xi,38, alluding to Antiochus Epiphanes : " But in his estate shall he worship the god of forces" (fortresses, t3'^"""a "^tl^X, see Gesenius, Tkesaur. s. v. 113-*^, p. 1011), for under this name Jupi- ter was worshipped by the victorious general on his re- turn from a campaign, and it was in honor of Jupiter Capitolinus that he celebrated his triumph. Other con- ■^ecturcs have been made relative to this passage, but the opinion of Gesenius seems most probable. See Ma-
UZZIM.
In Ihe passage from 2 Mace, above quoted a temple was also ordered to be set up to Zeus Xenius on Mount Gerizim. Josephus gives a different account. He re-
lates t^iat the Samaritans, who, when it pleased them, denied that they were of the kindred of the Jews, wrote to Antiochus, the god {Sriug on coins) Epiphanes. beg- ging him to allow the temple on Mount Gerizim, which had no name {ai'wvvfiov tfpov ; comp. "Ye worship ye know not what," John iv, 22), to be caUed the temple of Jupiter Hellenius (.1 nt. xii, 5, 5). This petition is said to have been granted. The epithet Stvioc is given to Zeus as the supporter of hospitality and the friend of strangers (Plutarch, Amaior. 20; Xenoph. Anub. iii, 2, 4 ; Virgil, ^^EneicI, i, 735, etc.), and it is explained in 2 Mace, by the clause " as they did desire (Greek KaSiwg tTvyxavov, as they were ; Vulg.pro?/< era7it Id, [as they were]) who dwelt in the place." Ewald supposes that Jupiter was so called on account of the hospitable dis- position of the Samaritans (Gesckichte, iv, 339, note), while Jahn suggests that it was because the Samaritans, in their letter to Antiochus Epiphanes, said that they were strangers in that country {Hebrew Commomcealth, i, 319) ; Grotius says because the dwellers of the place were pilgrims from the regions of Mysia and IMesopo- tamia, specially referring to their idolatrous practices (2 Kings xvii, 24 sq.).