Juno, the Roman name of the queen of heaven, essentially identical with the Grecian //era. Juno was the daughter of Kronos (Saturn) and Rhea. She was the highest and most powerful divinity of the Greeks and Romans next to Jupiter (the Greek Ztvq), of whom she was the sister and wife. Argos and Samos claimed the honor of her birth. According to Homer, she was educated by Oceanus and Thetis; according to others, by the Hours. Her marriage with Jupiter on the island of Crete was honored bv the presence of all the gods. This marriage, according to Homer, was con- summated without the knowledge of their parents. Others say that he subdued her bv artifice on the island of Samos, and there married her. According to the Greek conception of her character, she was jiroud, am- bitions, and jealous; and in the Homeric poems she is represented as an obstinate, quarrelsome shrew, and her tamper a source of continual discord between herself "'"■' '' 'I'i'ii spitefully favors persons who
were the objects of his displeasure, and he, in return, treats her with all that severity which, in ancient times, the husband was accustomed to use towards the wife. He scolds and often beats her, and on one occasion, when she had driven Hercules, the favorite of her hus- band, to Cos by a storm, Jupiter was so angry that he bound her hands and feet, loaded her with two anvils, and suspended her from Ohonpus; and, to add to the inconveniences of her situation, none of the gods were permitted to help her. During the Trojan War she lulls Ju])iter to sleep, in order to give the victory to the Greeks during his slumbers, and with difficulty escapes the blows which are aimed at her when he awakes. No one of the goddesses dared contend with her. Diana once attempted it, but her cheeks exhibited the most woful evidences of the strength of the mighty Juno. All, in fine, who assumed to themselves or attributed to others a superiority to her, experienced her vengeance. But she is, notwithstanding, a female of majestic beau- ty, the grandest of the Olympian goddesses, well calcu- lated to inspire awe, although wanting the soft, insinu- ating, and heart-touching beauty of Venus. As the only wedded goddess in the Greek mythology, she nat- urally presided over marriage and the birth of children. It is a significant feature of the Roman character that Juno, in addition to her other qualities, was the guardian of the national finances, watching over her people like a thrifty mother and housewife ; and a temple, containing the mint, was erected to her on the Capitoline as Juno Moneta (the Money-coiner). In the Roman concejition she was also the goddess of chastity, and prostitutes were forbidden to touch her altars. She was, in short, the protector of women. She not only presided over the fertility of marriage, but also over its inviolable sanctity, and unchastity and inordinate love of sex- ual pleasures were hated by the goddess. Women in childbed invoked Juno Lucina to help them, and after the delivery of the child a table was laid out for her in the house for a' whole week, for newly-bom children were likewise under her protection. The month of June, which was originally called Junonius, was con- sidered to be the most favorable period for marrying. As Juno has the same characteristics as her husband in so far as they refer to the female sex, she presides over all human affairs, which are based upon justice and faithfidness, but especially over domestic affairs, in which women are more particularly concerned. The companions of Juno were the Nymphs, Graces, and Hours. Isis was lier particular servant. Among ani- mals, the peacock, the goose, and the cuckoo were sacred to her. Her usual attribute is the royal diadem, formed like a long triangle. She is drawn in a carriage by two peacocks. She had several temples in Rome. The first day of every month, and the whole of June, were sacred to her. See Smith, Diet, of Greek and Roman Biogra- phy, ii, 658.
Ju'piter (the Latin form of the Greek name Zeus, Zex'c, Genit. Aiof), the principal deity of the Greek and Roman mythology, in which he is fabled to have been the son of Saturn and Ops. He is supposed to represent the fertilizing power of the heavens (see Creuzer, Si/m- bolik, ii, 518, 522), and was worshipped under various epi- thets. See Walch, Dissert, in A eta A post, iii, 173 ; com- pare Horace, Odyssey, i, x, 5 ; Ovid, Fasti, v, 495 ; Meta- worpA.viii, 626; Tzetz. in Lycophr.481; " Hennes K/jpvg Awe,'' ApoUod. Bibl. iii, 10, 2 ; Homer, Iliad, ii, 402 ; Virg. yf^n. iii, 21 ; ix, 627 ; Xen. Cyrop. viii, 3, 31 ; Senec. Here. /w?-. 299. See Mercury; Diana. (See Schmebelj/^e Jove Tro\iovx<iJ ud Ac. Altdorf, 1740). This deity is al- luded to in several passages of the Bible, and Joseph us freciuently refers to his worship. The following state- ments are chiefly from Kitto's Cyclopeedia, s. v. :
1. It is stated in 2 IMacc. vi, 1, 2, that " the king sent an old man of Athens (Sept. 'A^i]val.ov ; Vulg. A ntio- chenum^ (some say ' an old man, Atheneas,' but Gro- tius, following the Latin, suggests instead of 'A^i]i>alov to read 'Ai'Tioxtiov) to compel the Jews to depart from