KilTwardeby, Robeht, a noted English prelate, flourished in the second half of the 13th century. He was educated at the universities of Oxford and Paric. In 1272 he became archbishop of Canterbury, and in 1277 was made cardinal. He died in 1279. Cardinal Kihvardeby is said to have written as many as 39 dif- ferent works, but none of these were ever printed. See Hoe fur, Xour. Biog. Gen. xxvii, 730.
Kimashon. See Tiiorx.
Kimber, Isaac, an English dissenting minister, born at Wantage, Berkshire, in 1G92, was educated at Circsham College, London, and the Dissenters' Academy, and in 1724 became pastor at Namptwich, Cheshire, but resigned in 1727 on account of some dilhcidties with his congregation, and returned to London, where he pub- lished a periodical which lived some four years. He was also employed by booksellers in various literary undertakings, compihng a number of historical works, among which we remark the Life of Oliver Cromwell (London, 1714, 8vo). He wrote also the Life of bishop Beveridgc prefixed to the folio edition of that prelate's works, of which he was editor: — Sermons, etc., to which is prefixed Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Au- thor (London, 1756, 8vo). He died in 1758. See Chal- mers, GV«er«^ Biographicid Dictionari/ ; Allibone, i>2C- tiiiiian/ of English and American Authors, vol. ii, s. v. (J.N.'P.)
Kimchi, David, ben- Joseph (by the Jews fre- (lucnily called Itedak, from the initial letters p T1 = TT^p nn ~), one of the most distinguished Jewish writers of the ^Midtlle Ages, the great exponent of He- Ijrew grammar and lexicography, was Ixirn at Narbonne, ill the south of France, in 1160. Very little is known of his private life. He must certainly have enjoyed, even among his contemporaries, considerable influence, gained perhaps, in a measure, by his masterly defence of Moses Maimonidcs; form 1232 we find him acting as the arljiter to settle the dispute then existing between the Spanish and French rabbis respecting the opinions
advanced in the More Xebohim of JIaimonides. He died about 1240. His works are: (1.) Commentary on the Pentateuch (tTnm hv CT^S), only Genesis has been published by A. (iinsburg (Pressburg, 1842), cap. i, 1-10 being supplied by Kirehheim from the writings of Kimchi, as the MS. was defective : — (2.) Commentary on the earlier Projihets (U^:r::H' U^ii^Zi h'J •CS^-\Z),\. e. Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings, printed in the Rabbinical Bibles edited by Jacob ben-Chajim (Venice, 1525, 1548), Buxtorf (1619), and Frankfurter (1724^27) :
— (3.) Commentai-y on the later Prophets (pV TUIIS D'^;i~nx CX'^z;), i. e. Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the minor prophets; also given in the Rabbinical Bibles:
— (4.) Commentary on the Pscdms (D''5nn P" C1"1E), first printed in 1477, reprinted several times, and also given in the Rabbinical Bibles of Jacol) ben-Chajim, but not in those edited by Buxtorf and Frankfurter: — (5.) Commentary on Path (m rh-^^Q h:! UI^S), pub- lished for the first time by Mercier (Paris, 15G3) : — (6.) Commentary on Chronicles (Di-a^H "iiaT bv Ullli:), given in the Rabbinical Bibles: — (7.) Commentary on Job (^T^N h" UJTlS), which has not yet been publish- ed:—(8.) The celebrated work called Miklol (^''hzt), or Perfection, which consists of two parts — a. A Hebrew Grammar (pTlp^n p?n), usually bearing the name Miklol, edited, with notes, by Elias Levita (Yen. 1545), and by :\I. Hechim (Furth,'l793) :— and (9.) b. A He- brew Lexicon ("i":"!! ppJl), commonly called The Book of Roots (D"'iD"i->l 125), the best editions of which are by Elias Levita (Venice, 1546), and Biesenthal and Leb- recht (BerUn, 1847): — (10.) Refutation of Christianity (D"'"iUi;b ni3Vyl"n), in which he denies that !Messian- ic predictions are embodied in the Psalms; printed to- gether with Lippmann's celebrated Nitsachon ("|''n:i3) (Amst. 1709, 1711; Kiinigsberg, 1847):— and (11.) An- other polemical work called mil, also printed with the Nitsachon. Kimchi, as he himself frankly says in his introduction to the Miklol, did not so much furnish new and startling criticism as an exhibit of the results of the manifold and extensive labors of his numerous predecessors. His lexicon is, to a great extent, a trans- lation of Ibn-Ganach's Book of Roots [see Ibn-G anach], and he freely quotes the great Jewish-Arabic commen- tators, grammarians, and lexicographers, Saadia, Ibn- Koreish, Chajug, Ibn-Ganach, Ibn-Gebirol, Ibn-Giath, Ibn-Balaam, Gikatilla, and many other celebrities. " But, though his claims are modest," says Ginsburg, in l\itto {Cyclop. Bihl. Lit. vol. ii, s. v.), " yet his merits are great. He was the first who discovered the distinction between the long and the short vowels, whereby the understand- ing of the changing of vowels has been greatly facilitated. He moreover defended a simple, natural, and grammat- ical exegesis, at a time when most of his Jewish breth- ren were enamored of Hagadic, Cabalistical, and astro- logical interpretations. It is therefore not to be wondered at that he became so eminent among his brethren that they applied to him. by a play of words, the saying in theMishna {Aboth, iii, 17), mm "pX n-^p ^X CX, No Kimchi, no understanding of the Scriptures.'^ Among Christian scholars also Kimchi enjoyed great celebrity, more especially, ho>vever, among the precursors of the Reformation and the Reformers themselves, " notwith- standing his hostility to Christianity, which is displayed throughout his commentaries, and which arose from the persecutions that the Jews had to endure at the hands of the Crusaders." ^lany passages obnoxious to adher- ents of the Christian faith were struck out by the In- (juisition, and are omitted in later editions of Kimchi's Commentaries. Pococke collected all the passages which had been omitted from the Prophets in Not. ad Portam MosL^, in his theological works (ed.Lond. 1740 ).i, 241 sq. The first efforts of Christian scholars in compiling Heb.