Lancaster, Lydia, a female Quaker minister, daughter of Thomas Kawlinson, was born at Graith- waite, Lancashire, England, in 1684. In the course of her ministry she visited several times the greater part of England, Ireland, and Scotland, building up her soci- ety with great zeal and efficacy. In 1718 she came to the United States, and was here especially instrumental in the extension of the Quaker cause. She retained her zeal and activity to extreme old age, laboring almost to the close of her days. May 30, 1761. See Janney, Ilist. of Frinds, iii, 296.
Lancaster, Nathaniel, D.D., a minister of the Church ot England, was horn in England in 1698. Dur- ing a jxirtion of his ministry he was rector of Stamford liivers, but he is better known as a literarj' man than as a pastor. He died in 1775. His published works are, Sirmoiis (1746) : — Kssay on Delicacy (1748, Svo) : — The Old Sirperit, or ^fithodism Triunqihant — a I'oem (1770, 4to I. — AUibone, Diet. Engl, and A mer. A uthors, ii, 1052.
Lance ("pT'S, Iddon', so called from its destructive
bread, while reading the corresponding passages of the N. T. Scriptures. See Jlartignv, Diet, des A ntiquites, p. 353,
Lance, The Holy (2), was given by king Eudolph of Burgundy to king Henry I of Germany, as a present, tlirough the intluence of Luitprand, bishop of Cremona. It came to be considered as one of the chief insignia of the empire, and a powerfiU tahsman. The earlier tra- dition represents the lance as having been chiefly made of the nails with which Christ was crucified ; later ac- counts assume that it was the identical lance with which the Roman soldier pierced the Saviour's side. L'nder the emperor Charles IV this lance was brought to Prague, and in 1354 pope Innocent VI, at the emperor's request, instituted a special festival, De lancea, which was cele- brated in Germany and Bohemia on the first octave af- ter Easter. Another holy lance was discovered by the empress Helena, and kept first in the portico of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and aft ersvards at Anti- och, where it was found in 1093 by a French priest, Pe- ter Bartholomew ; its appearance cheered the discour- aged Crusaders, who gained a brilliant victory over the Saracens. It was subsequently brought to Constanti- nople, then to Venice, and afterwards came into the pos- session of St. Louis, king of France. It was, however, afterwards taken back again to Constantinople, and it is said that the iron of it was brought to Rome as a pres- ent to pope Innocent VIII, and is preserved at the Vat- ican. The genuineness of both lances has, however, been doubted even in the Roman Catholic Church, and their authenticity was never officially proclaimed. — Her- zog, Real-Encyklop. viii, 197. (J. N. P.)
Lanceae et Clav5rum Festum. See Lance, THE Holy (2).
Lancellot(t)i (Lancelotus), Giovanni Paoli (1), a noted Italian writer on canon law, was born in Peru- gia in 1511, was professor of canon law in the university of his native place, and died there in 1591. He is par- ticularly known as the author of Jnstitutioties juris ca- nonui, which are generallj' published with the Corpus juris canonici; yet it was not ado])ted in the '"editio Romana," and therefore Richter omitted it in his edi- tion. Lancellotti appears to have for a long time con- templated writing an elementary text-book for the study of canon law, after the model of Justinian's Institutes [see Corpus Juris Civilis], for we find already in 1555 pope Paul IV encouraging him in his plans. Two years after Lancellotti presented his work to the papal censure, and it was examined by a committee composed of Fabi- anus Atorombonus, Julius Oradinus, and Antonins Mas- sa, all officers of the court Delia Rota. They approved strong!}' of it, and their recommendation was printed in several editions of the Commentai'ii Insiitutionum subse- quently added by Lancellotti himself to his liber i. The book was afterwards published, and immediately adopt- ed as a text-book in the University of Cologne. On the other hand, the pope steadily refused his approval, and some other censors raised objections against it on the ground that it contained principles opposc<l to the then recent decisions of the Council of Trent. The au- thor, however, was disinclined to alter the obnoxious passages, and resolved to continue to publish the work as a private enterprise, which he did towards the close of the Council of Trent, in August, 1563, at Perugia, dedicating it to Fius IV. In the following years it was repeatedly rejirinted and commended ; Petrus Matthiius even appended it to his edition of the Coipus juris ca- nonici (Frankf. ad M. 1591). Soon after it was included
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in the edition of the Corpus ji/7-is canon. pubHsheil at Lyons, and continued to be printed in that manner, it liavingf linally olitained the apjiroval of pope Paul V (1G05-21) by the intercession of cardinal Scipio Cobel- lutius and others. Still the Institutiones were never considered as an official work. Their value consists cliietly in the insight it affords into wliat was considered as law before the Council of Trent, and the common ])ractice of that time. Subsequent editions carefully indicate the differences between it and the new laws. (See Caspar Ziegler, Kotce ex ipsis antiquitaium ecclesi- asticurum fontihus c/erfwcte, Wittemb. 1G99, 4to; repro- duced in Thomasius's edition, Haloe, 1710,1717, 4to; also that of Douiat,Yenetiis, 1750, 2 vols. 8vo). A French translation, with a comparison of the Romish andGaUican practice, was published by Durand de i\Iaillane (Lyons, 1710, 10 vols. 12mo). — Herzog, Real-Encyklop. viii, 187.