Lancellotti (or Lancelotti), Giovanni Paoli
("2), an Italian author and priest, was Ijoru at Perugia in 1575, and died in Paris in 1G40. He is noted as the au- thor of a successful work entitled To-daij (" L'Hoggidi"), intended to prove that the world was not morally or physically worse than it had been in ancient times. He wrote also other learned works.
Lancelot, Dom. Claude, a noted French theologian and writer of tlie Romish Church, was born at Paris in 1G15. In 1640 he was appointed presiding officer of the noted school of Port Royal, and, after its discontinuance in 1660, he became instructor of prince Con ti; then lived in the convent St. Cyran until its destruction in 1079. lie died at Quimperlci April 15, 1695. His works are mainly on the grammar of the classical and Roman lan- guages. He also published historical annotations on the Bible of Vitre, and left in MS. form memoirs of the life of Duverger de Hauranne, of the St. Cyran convent. See Sainte-Beuve, Pc)?Y Royal; Vigneul '^laxx'iWe, Melanges, 1, 132 ; Niceron, l\[ein. pour servir a I'/nstoire des Homines III. XXXV; Hoefer, Xouv. Biog. Gin. xxix, 322 sq.
Lancet. (n*?"!, ro'mach, from its piercing, 1 Kings xviii, 28, elsewhere usually '• spear"), the iron point or head of a lance. See Arjior. The incisive implements of the most ancient Hebrews, as of other peoples, were of stone (Exoti. iv, 25; Josli. v, 2; compare Abicht, JJe culiis saxeis, Lipsiaj, 1712 ; and generally Creuzer, Com- ment. Heroil. i, 22. The testa samia with -ivhich the priests of Cybele emasculated themselves [Pliny, xxxv, 40], and the stone knives of the Egyptian erabalmers [Herod, ii, 86], are parallel cases). The Hebrews used no knives at table (although one term for knife, rib2X"a is so named from eating^, since the meat was brought on ready cut into pieces, and the bread was so thin as to be easily broken with the fingers. See Eating. The same is the case at present in the East, even in princely
feasts. See jMeal. Knives were regularly employed by mechanics (q. v.), and in slaughtering animals ((Jen. xxii, 0, 10 ; comp. Judg. xix, 29 ; see Philo, 0pp. ii, 570), and for preparing food (Josephus, War, i, 33, 7; .4;*/. xvii, 71, etc.). The sacrificial knife, in particular, was called Ti'rt'? (Ezra i, 9), and a room in the (second) Tem- ple was appropriated to such cutlery (nlS^bn^ '^'^3, ^lishna, Middoth, vi, 7). A penknife was called ^V7} (Jer. xxvi, 23; Ezek. v, 1), originally in Aram.Tjan IBp"?, which in the Talmud {Chelim, xiii, 1) likewise denotes a razor. The pruning-knife was called !Ti -I'D (Isa. ii, 4; xviii, 5, etc.). — Winer, ii, 88. See Knife.
Lancet Style. See English Style.
LANCET-WINDOW is an architectural term for a narrow window with acutely-pointed arch head. This form was much used in England and Scotland during tlie early pointed period of Gothic architecture. Sev- eral lancet-windows are frequently groujjed together, so as to produce a pleasing effect. In Scotland, the lancet- v.indow was, like many other features of Scotch Gothic, retained to a much later period than in England. — Chambers, Cyclopadia, s. v.
Egyptian Knives and Lancets. Collected from vnrious Sciilptui-es.
v.— P
Laucet-w nidow Iiom Gl i^^ )\\ C ilhtdnl.
Land (represented by several Heb. and Gr. words', properly "('"IX, e'rets, usually rendered "eaiili,'" Gr. yi/ ; and ri^'IX, adamah', usually the "ground;'" sometimes iTl'^, sadeh', elsewhere a ^' field,''' Gr. aypuQ ; also xw- pa, a tract of land ; etc.). This word in the Old Testa- ment often denotes emphatically the country of the Is- raelites , at other times some particular countrj' or dis- trict, as the land of Canaan, the land of Egypt, the land of Ashur, the land of Jloab. In several places of our Authorized Version the phrase "all the earth" is used, wlien the more restricted phrase "the land," or "all the land," would be more proper. See Agkicultuke ; Farm ; Landed Estate.
Landau, Jecheskel, a German Rabbi of note, was born about 1720. lie flourislied first as Rabbi of Jam- pol, Podolia, and later as cliief Rabbi of Prague. He died in 1793. While yet a young man Landau gave jjromise of great ability as a jiolemic, and he displayed this quality to great advantage in the Sabbatarian con- troversy which raged between Eibeschiitz [see .Jona- than EiBEsciiiJTz] and Emden. See (iriitz, Cesc/i. der Juden, vol. x, ch. xi, especially p. 409, 415, 438; Furst, Biblioth. Jud. ii, 216 sq.
Landed Sstate. It has been the custom to re- gard the Hebrews as a pastoral people until they were settled in Palestine. In a great degree they dmilitlesa were so, and when they entered agricultural ICgypt, the land of (Joshen was assigned to them expressly because that locality was suited to their pastoral liabits (Gen. xlvii, 4-6). These habits were substantially maintain- ed ; but it is certain that they became acquainted with the Egyptian processes of culture, and it is more than
LANDED ESTATE
226
LANDED ESTATE
probable that they raised for themselves such products of the soil as they retpiired for their own use. We may, indeed, coUcet tliat the jiortion of their territory which lay in the immediate vicinity of the Nile was placed by them mider culture (Dent, xi, 10), while the interior, with the free pastures of the desert beyond their imme- diate territory, sufficed abundantly for their cattle (1 Cliron. vii, 21). This partial attention to agriculture was in some degree a preijaration for the condition of cultivators, into which they were destined eventually to pass. While the Israelites remained in a state of sub- jection in Egypt, the maintenajice of their condition as shepherds was highly instrumental in keeping them dis- tinct and separate from the Egyptians, who were agri- culturists, and had a strong dislike to pastoral habits (Gen. xlvi, 34). Cut when they I)ecame an independ- ent and sovereign people, their separation from other nations was to be promoted by imhuiug them to devote their chief attention to the culture of the soil. A large number of the institutions given to them had this ob- ject of separation in view. Among these, those relating to agriculture — forming the agrarian law of the Hebrew people — were of the first importance. They might not alone have been sufficient to secure the end in view, but no others could have been etfectual without them ; for, without such attention to agriculture as would render them a self-subsisting peo[)le, a greater degree of inter- course with the neighboring and idolatrous nations must have been maintained than was consistent with the pri- niarv" object of the IMosaic institutions. The common- est observation suffices to show how much less than others agricultural communities are open to external in- fluences, and how much less disposed to cultivate inter- course with strangers. See Husbanduy.