later times, especially the bigoted citizens of Palestine, despised heathen languages, is notorious (Josephus, ,1 nt. XX, 11, 2); that they made use of the Greek, how-ever, is evident from the Talmud {Sota, ix, 14-, comp. Juda- im, iv, (), where Homer is mentioned), to say nothing of theN. T. — Winer, ii, 498. See Hellenist. The ques- tion as to the common language of Palestine in the time of our Lord and his apostles has been keenly discussed by learned writers with very opposite conclusions. On the one hand, Du Pin {Dissert, ii). Mill {N. T. p. 8), Mi- chaelis {Lttrud. iii). Marsh Qibid. notes), Weber {Unter- such. iib. d. Ev. der Hebraer, Tlib. 1806), Kniniil {Com- ment, i, 18), Olshausen {Echtheit der Evang. Kiinigsberg, 1823, p. 21 sq.), and especially De Bossi {Delia lingua propria di Cristo, Parma, 1772), and Pfaniikuche (in Eichhorn's A llgem. Bibliothek, viii, 365 sq.) contend for the exclusive prevalence of the Aramaean or Syro-Chal- dee at the time and in the region in question. On the other hand, Cappell (Observatt.in N. T. p. 110), Basnage {Annul, ad an. 64), ]\Iasch {Von der Grumbprache 3fat- tha'i), Lardncr (Su|)plement to Credibility, etc., i. c. 5), Waheus {(^'ommentarius, p. 1), and more particularly Vossius {De Oraculis Sibyll. Oxon. 1860, p. 88 sq.), and Diodati {De Christo Greece loquente. Neap. 1767, London, 1843), insist that the Greek alone was then and there spoken. Between these extremes Simon {Hist. Crit. du N. T. Rotterd. 1689, c. 6, p. 56), Fabricy {litres prind- tifs de la Revelation, Rome, 1773, i, 116), Ernesti {Neuste f'heol. Bibliothek, i [ 1771 ], 269 sq.). Hug {Einleit. in d. .V. T. Tiib. 1826, ii, 30 sq.), Binterim {De ling. origi7iali N. T. non Latina, Dusseld. 1820, p. 146 sq.), Wiseman {Ho- rm Syriaca, Rom. 1828, i, 69 sq.), and the mass of later writers, as Credner {Einleit. in d. N. Test. Halle, 1836), Bleek {id. Berl. 1862), and (though with more reserve) Roberts {Language of Palestine. London, 1859) hold the more reasonable vie>v that both languages were concur- rently used, the Aramaean probably as the vernacular at home and among natives, and the CJreek in promiscuous and public circles. For additional literature on this question, see Fabricius, Biblioth. Grojca, iv, 760 ; Bibli- cal Repository, 1831, p. 317 sq., 530 sq. ; and the mono- graphs cited by Yolbeding, Imlex Programmatum, p. 18. On the Greek of the N. T., see New Testament. On the tongues cognate with the Hebrew, see Shejiitic Languages.
Languet de Gergy, Jean Joseph, a distinguish- ed French prelate, noted for his opposition to the Jan- senists, was born at Dijon August 25, 1677. A compa- triot and friend of Bossuet,he was influenced to dedicate himself early to the service of the Church. After having filled various minor positions, he became bisho]) of Sois- sons in 1715; later (in 1730) he was promoted to the archbishopric of Sens, where, by his zeal and nltramon- tane opinions, he brought upon himself several contro- versies with the Jansenists, and by his exti-eme course made himself very unpopular. In 1721 the French Acad- emy honored him with membershi)). He died May 3, 1753. Languet wrote very extensively. A complete list of his works is given by Iloefer, Nouv. Biog. Gene- rale, xxix, 441. The most important of his writings are Menioire pour Vevvque de Soissons contre les religieuses du Val de Grace et les benedictines de Saint-CorneUle de Compiegne (Paris, 1726, fol.) : — Opera omnia pro defen- sione Constitutionis Unigenitus et udversus ab ea apiielan- tes successive edita ; in LMtinam linguam conversa a va- riif doctoribus et ab auctore recognita et emendata (Sens, 1752, 2 vols, folio).— Hoefer, Nouv, Biog. Generale, xxix, 441 sq.
Laniado (or Lanado), Abraham ben-Isaac, an Italian rabbi and commentator, flourished in the latter half of the 16th and the first half of the 17th century. He wrote a v,-ork on the mysteries of the ]VIosaic law, entitled Cni3S "S-C, The Shield of Abraham, ^vhich consists of seventeen treatises and discourses on circum- cision, marriage, almsgiving, confession of sins, repent- ance, and mourning for the dead. It was printed in Venice in 1603, and is very highly esteemed by the
LANIADO
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Jews :— A commentary on the Song of Songs, entitled r,D2n m"Ip3, S/uds ofSUver, which was edited by Mo- ses Laniado, with the Hebrew text, the Commentary of Rashi, the Chaldoc Taraphrase, with a Spanish transla- tion by tlie editor, printed in Hebrew characters (Yen- ice, 101'.) ). He also wrote a commentary on the Penta- teuch, and a commentary on Ruth, Lamentations, Ec- clesiastes, and Esther, which have not as yet been pub- lished.—Kitto, Bibl Cyclop, s. v.
Laniado, Samuel ben-Abkahaji, another Ital- ian rabbi of note, flourished at Aleppo about 1580. He wrote a commentary on the Pentateuch, entitled "^^3 m^cn, Dditjliiful Vessel, which was first published in Venice in 1594-1595. He explains the Pentateuch ac- cording to the Sabbatic Lessons [sec Hapiitarah] in the Midrashic manner: — A commentary on Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings, entitled np"' "'h^, Precions Vessel, which was first published in Venice in 1C03, and ex- cerpts of it are printed in Erankfiirter's Rabhhdc Bible (q. v.). It consists chiefly of extracts from the exposi- tions of Rashi, Aben-Ezra, Ralbag, etc. :— A commentary on Isaiah, called IS il53,.l Vessel of Pure Gold (Venice, 1657). It is a very lengthy commentary, and, like the former, is chiefly made up from the expositions of Rashi, Aben-Ezra, Ralbag, etc. See Furst, Biblioth. JJebroica, ii, 222 ; Steinschneider, Catalogus Libr. Hehr. in Bibli- otheca Bodleiana, col. 2433 ; Kitto, Bibl. Cyclop, s. v.