Langeais, Raoul de, a French prelate, was born in the l)eginning of the 11th century. He was brother of Fulchredus, abbot of Charroux. Raoul became succes- sively dean of the Church of Tours and bishop of that diocese in 1072. His election, however, caused great disturbances. His enemies having accused him of in- cest before Alexander H, the latter deposed and excom- municated him. Kaoul immediately set out for Kome, justified himself, and was restored to his bishopric. \Vhen Gregory VII succeeded Alexander II the accusa- tion was taken up again, but with like resuh. Still the whole Church of France was at the time in a state of comjilete anarchy, and the bishop of Tours was treated with the utmost disrespect by his clergy, and especially by the monks, in spite of the evident favor of the pope. In 1078 he was accused of simony before tlic Coimcil of Poitiers, and vmable, it is said, to clear himself other- wise, he broke up the council by main force (compare Labbe, Condi, x, 360 ; Landon, Manual of Councils, p. 497). Still Gregory VII merely appointed a committee to inquire into tlie case. How this committee decided is not known, but all trouble was at an end in 1079, for we then find Gregory writing to Raoul inviting him to recognise Gebuin, archbisliop of Lyons, whom he liad appointed primate of Gaul, and about the same time Kaoul was invited to the Council of Badeaux by the legate Amat, who calls him " religionis ecclesiasticos ca- put honorabilius." Shortly afterwards he excommuni- cated Foidques Rechin, count of Anjou, and Gebuin ap- proved his proceedings; but king Philip, angered at Langeais for siding with Gregory VII on the (question of investiture, took the part of tlie count. Langeais was driven from liis see, and excommunicated by the canons of St. Jlartin ; the pope, in return, excommuni- cated the count of Anjou and all his partisans, while Hughes and Amat, legates of the council of Poitiers, excommunicated the canons of St. iNIartin. It is diffi- cult to form a correct judgment of those events. It is likely, however, that all the trouble resulted from the fact that Langeais had entered zealously into the plans of reformation of Gregory VII, and therefore, while praised by this pope and his adherents, became necessa- rily, as a leader of his party in France, an object of ha- tred to the opposite faction. Documents show that he was governing his diocese again in 1084 and 1080. The exact time of his death is not ascertained, but he must have died previous to the year 1093. See J. Maan, Sacr. et Metr. eccl. Turon.; Gallia Christ, vol. xiv, col. 63", Hoefer, Noiir. Biog. Gen. xxix, 394 sq.
Langeland (Langland or Longland), John, a distinguished prelate of the Church of England, was born at Henley, England, in 1473, and was fellow of Mag- dalen College, Oxford, and priucijial of IMagdalen Hall in 1507. In 1520 he became bishop of Lincoln, and confessor to Henry VIII, whom he counseled to divorce queen Catharine. He died in 1547. He published a number of sermons and theological treatises from 1517 to 1540. — AUibone, Diet, of Brit, and Amer. A iithors, ii, 1057; Thomas, Biogj-ajdncal Dictionarrj, p. 1452.
Langbam, Simon of, an Enghsh prelate, was born about 1310, probably at Langham, in Rutlandshire. In
1335 he entered the convent of St. Peter, Westmin- ster, of which he became abbot in 1349, and showed great zeal in the reformation of monastic abuses. As a reward for his talents Edward HI appointed him lord treasurer in 1300, and chancellor in 1304. In the mean time (1301) he had been appointed bishop of Ely. In 1300 he was transferred to the see of Canterbury. The principal act of his administration was the deposing of the celebrated Wychtfe (whom his jjredecessor had ap- pointed head of Canterbury Hall, Oxford) on the plea that a secular priest was not suitable for the position. This injustice perhaps first suggested to Wyclift'e an in- quiry into papal abuses. His proceedings on tliat occa- sion gave great offence to Edward HI, and when the pope, as a reward, created Langham cardinal of St. Six- tus, the king seized on his temporalities, as, by the law, the see of Canterbury had become vacant by the pro- motion, Langham now went to join the pope, who loaded him with favors. He continued to take a part in the political affairs of England, vainly trying to rec- oncile that country to France. During the last years of his life Gregory XI intrusted him with the care of the papal affairs at Avignon, wlierc he died July 22, 1376. His body was taken back to England, and buried at Westminster. See Wharton, Anglia Sacra; Moser, Life of Simon of Jjungham, in the European Magazine, 1797; Th. Tanner, Bihlioth. Britannica; Baluze, Vitce. Pap. A ven. vol. i ; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxix, 409 ; Collier, Eccles. Hist, (see Index in vol. vLii) ; Nean- der, Church Hist, v, 130.
Iianghorne, John, a minister of the Church of England, was born in Westmoreland, England, in 1735; obtained a curacy in London in 1764; in 1707 he was ap- pointed to the living of Blagden, Somersetshire, in 1777 became prebendary of Wells, and died in 1779. Lang- horne published several works both in prose and poetry; also a volume of his Sermons, preached before the honor- able Society of Lincoln's Inn (3d ed. Lond. 1773, 2 vols, small 8vo). " His sermons are short, florid, and super- ficial." His most famous work was his translation of Plutarch's Lives, on which his brother assisted. See Darling, Cyclop. Bibliog. ii, 1705; AUibone, Dictionary of British and American Authors, ii, 1057.