Langhorne, 'Williani, j\LA., an English divine,, was born in 1721. He was presented to the rectory of Hakinge, and received the perpetual curacy of Folke- stone in 1754. He died in 1772. He assisted his broth- er, John Langhorne, D.D., in the translation of a popu- lar version of Plutarch's Lives, and wrote himself Ser- mons on practical Subjects, and the most useful Points of Divinity (2d edition, Lond. 1778, 2 vols. r2mo): — Job, a poem ; and a paraphrase in verse of a part of Isaiah. See Thomas, Biog. Diet. (Phila, 1871, 8vo), p. 1308.
Iianigan, John, D.D., an eminent Irish Roman Catholic priest, was born at Cashel, Ireland, in 1758, and received his scientific and theological education at the Irish College in Kome, where he also took his orders. Soon after he was appointed to the chair of Hel)rew, divinity, and the Scriptures in tlie University of Pavia, In 1790 he was elected to a similar position at Jlay- nooth, Ireland, but declined it, and accepted an appoint- ment in Dul)lin Castle, in connection with which he as- sumed in 1799 the duties of editor, librarian,, and trans- lator for the Dublin Society. In 1821, becoming insane, lie was jilaced in an asylum at Finglas,. near Dublin, where he died, July 7, 1828. Among his works arc the following important ones: Institutionum BUdicarum pars prima (Pavire, 1794, 8vo) : — Protestant's Apology for the Roman Catholic Church (1809, 8vo) :>— Ecclesias- tical History of Ireland to the \^th Century (Dublin,. 1822, 4 vols. 8vo; 1829, 4 vols. 8vo), a work much valued for its extensive learnuig, deep research, and critical acu- men. See New Amer. Cyclop, x, 304; AUibone, Diet, of British and American Authors, ii, 1058,
Langle, Jean Maximilian de, a French Protes- tant writer, was burn at Evreux in 1590, and was made
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pastor at Rouen in 1G15. He died there in 1074. Be- sides a dissertation in defence of Cliarles I of Ens^land, he wrote Les jo^es inenarrahlcs et fjlorieuses de I'dme Jidele, represeiilee,^ en quinze Sermons sur le huiti'eme chap, de VEpitre de Saint Paid aux Romains (Saumur, 1G(J9, 8vo) ; and Sermons sur divers textes de Vecritui-e. — Iloefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxix, 414.
Langres, Synod of. From the acts of the Concil- ium 'I'lillense of June, 859, it appears that another {Con- ciliiim Liiif/oiiense) had a sliort time before been lield at Langres by the bishops of Charles the Young, king of Provence, nephew of Charles the Bald, and son of Lo- thair I, to whom Langres belonged as part of Burgundy. We find sixteen canones adopted at Langres still extant. These were read again in the Synod of Toid (Savon- nieres), and incorporated in the acts of that synod's ses- sion held in the early part of June, 850. The canones refer partly to political and canonical points, partly to dogmas. The assembled clergy availed themselves of the opportunity afforded them by the synod to obtain from the princes Charles the Bald, Lothair II,andCharles the Young the convocation of yearly provincial synods, and two yearly general synods (can. 7). An attempt was also made to take the election of bishops out of the hands of the laity, wherever these stiU retained this right, and to leave it exclusively with the clergy, under the plea that the metropolitan and bishops of the dio- cese were alone able to judge of the qualifications of candidates (can. 8). Great opposition was also mani- fested against the independence of convents from the episcopacy, the interest of discipline requiring that such institutions should be visited by the bishops (can. 9). Tlicy only maintained the right of the convents to ap- point their superiors themselves (can. 9 and 12). Much was also done in regard to tlie building of churches, the administration of Church property, etc. (can. 13) ; the cstaLlishing of schools (can. 10), and the restoration of h()spitalia,xieregj-inoi-um videlicet, et aliorum pro remedio animarum receptacula (can. 14). The intervention of the temporal power was invoked against roptores, adul- teri rel rapaces, which latter were to be also jiunished b}' the Church with the full severity of her discipline. But tlie most important of the decrees adopted by this synod are those which refer to the dogma of predestination. It is in this Synod of Langres that the bishops of Prov- ence appear to have prepared the whole matter, so as to have it ready to be submitted to the Synod of Toul for the three Carolinian kingdoms (Neustria, Lorraine, and I'rovence). King Charles was himself present, with a view to prevent the proceedings becoming a basis for the decrees of tlie future Synod of Toul. In the king«lom of Charles the Bald the semi-Pelagian views of ilincmar on that dogma were most generally held, whilst in the ancient provinces of Lothair I the Augus- tinian views were still ofiiciallv retained. As the coming
0pp. cd. Sirm. i, 2."1 ). Its inefficiency was subsequently made evident in the proceedings of the ConcUiinn Tul- lense J ajxid Sapuiiurias. See Mansi, xv, 5o7 ; llar- douin, V, 481 ; Gieselcr, Kirchengesch. 4th edit, ii, 1, 137 ; Gfrorer, K.-G. iii, 2, 881 ; Herzog, Real- Encyklop. viii, 19G. (J.N. P.)
Langton, Stephen, one of the greatest prelates of the early English Church, celebrated alike in ecclesias- tical and secular history, was born in the earlier half of the 12tli century, according to one account in Lincoln- shire, according to another in Devonshire, and was edu- cated at the University of Paris, where he was the fel- low-student and associate of Innocent III. Immediate- ly after the com])letion of his studies he was appointed teacher in the university, and, by successive advances, finally rose to the office of its chancellor. On his visit to Kome about the year 120G, pope Innocent III hon- ored him with the purple by the title of Cardintd of St. Chnjsogonus ; and when, by the rejection for the arch- bishopric of Canterbury of the claims both of Beglnald, the subprior of Christchurch, whom his brother monks, without consultation of the king, had in the first in- stance appointed to succeed the last archbishop, Hubert, and of John de Gray, bishop of Norwich, whom they had afterwards substituted in deference to the com- mands of king John, another choice had to be made, Innocent III favored his old school-associate rather than the appointment of John de Gray, and Langton was consequently elected by the English monks who were then at Kome, and was consecrated by Innocent at Yi- terbo June 27, 1207. John's determined resistance to this nomination gave rise to the contest between him and the pontiff which had such important results. See Innocent III; John, king of England. The conse- quence, in so far as Langton was concerned, was, that he was kept out of his see for about six years ; till at last, after the negotiation concluded by the legate Pandulf, John and the cardinal met at Winchester in July, 1213, and the latter was fidly acknowledged as archbishop. In the close union, however, that now followed between John and Innocent, Langton, finding his own interests and those of the clergy in general, in so far as they were opposed to those of the king, disregarded by the pope, joined the cause of the English barons, among wliom the eminence of his station and the ascendency of his talents soon gave him a high intluence, and in whose councils he at once took a prominent part. At the meet- ing of the heads of the revolters and the king atKunny- mede he was present, and it was through his efforts that the charter of Henry I was renewed. Among the sub- scribing witnesses to the Magna Charta his name stands first; and from henceforth we find him devoted to the cause of the national liberties, which he had just joined, without swerving throughout the rest of the contest, a course by which he greatly offended the pope. Indeed,