Langdoii, Samuel, D.D., a Congregational minis- ter, was born in 1722 in Boston. He graduated at Har- vard College in 1740, and was ordained colleague pas- tor in Portsmouth, N. H., Feb. 4, 1747. In 1774 he was elected president of Harvard College, which position he resigned Aug. 30. 1780. and was ordained, .Ian. 18, 1781, pastor at Hampton Falls. He died in the last-named place Nov. 29, 1707. Langdon published An impartial Examination of Mr. Robert Sandeman's Letters on The- ronamlAxpusio (1765): — .4 Summary of Christian Faith and Practice, drawn up principally in Scripture language (17(58): — Dudleian Lecture in Ilari'ard College (1775): — Observations on the Revelations of .Tesus Christ to St. .John (1791, 8vo): — Corrections of some grand Mistakes committed by Rev. John Cozens Ogden (1792): — Rehiarks on the leading Sentiments of Rev. Br. I/opkins's System of Doctrines in a iMter to a Friend (1794); and several occasional sermons. He also published, in company with CoL J. Blanchard, a map of New Hampshire (1761).— Sprague, A nnals, i, 455.
Lange, Joachim, a noted German Lutheran the- ologian, one of the heads of the so-called Pietistic school, was born at Gardelegen, in Saxony, Oct. 26, 1670. He entered the University of Leipzic in 1689 to study the- ology. Here he became intimate with H. A. Franke, and, besides other subjects, applied himself especially to the study of the Eastern languages. In 1690 he ac- companied Franke to Erfurt, and in 1691 to Halle. In 1696 he was made corector of Koslin, rector of the Gym- nasium of Friedrichswerder, at Berlin, in 1697, and final- ly professor of theology at HaUe, Maj^ 7, 1744. His con- troversies agamst the xjhilosopher Christian "Wolff, in whose banishment from Halle he was greatly instru- mental, and against all philosophical sj-stems, whether atheistical, Jewish, or ]\Iohammedan, prove him to have been fond of controversy, more learned than profound, and greatly wanting in method. The part he played in the Pietistic controversies was not very brilliant. It is not certain, but appears probable, that he was the au- thor of the Orthodoxia vapidans (1701) against the the- ologians of Wittenberg (see G.^Xa\ch,Lehrstreiit. inner- halb d. evang. luth. Kirche, i, 844 sq.). His A ntibarbanis orihodoxice (1709-11), written in answer to Schelwig's Synopsis Controversiai-um sub pietcttis pratextu motarum, is a good specimen of his system, which generally at- tached itself to particular points of a subject instead of the whole. G. Walch (see above) gives an extensive list of his other works on this topic. His controversy with Christian Wolff, the distinguished pupil of Leib- nitz, is the most important. The school of the latter had produced the Bible of Wertheim, which Lange at.- tacked in his Der philos. Religionsspotter im eisten Tlitile d.Werthheimischen Bihebverkes verkappt (1736; 2d edit. 1736). In that work he advanced his favorite theon,', which he further developed in his later ^^Titings against Wolff and others, that their philosophical system was purely mechanical. This was followed by his Darstel- lung d. Gntndsdtze d. Wolffischen Philosojihie (Lpz. 1736, 4to), and the 150 F7-agen aus der neuen mcchanischen P.'.ilosophie (Halle, 1734). He had already given some inklings of his vie^\'s of this system in his Caussa Dei adi-ersus A theismuni et Pseudophilosophiam, prcesertim Stoiccnn. Sjnnoz. ad Wolfanam (2d ed. Halle, 1727, 8vo) (see H.'\\'nit\ie, Christian Wolff's eigene Lcbenshesch-ei- bung, Lpz. 1841, Preface). Some of Lange's exegetical works are yet in use ; such are Comm. hist.-herm. de vita et epistolis Pauli (Halle, 1718, 4to) : — Mosaisches Licht u.Recht (Halle, 1732, fol.), a sort of commentary' on all the books of the O. T. Also commentaries on various other books of Scripture, published at different times, and collectively under title Biblia jmrenthetica (Leipzic, 1743, 2 vols. fol.). Also Exegesis epp. Petri (Halle, 1712) : — Joannis (1713, 4to). Among his historical Avorks we notice Gestalt d. Kreuzreichs Christi in seiner Unschuld. (Halle, 1713. 8vo): — Erlauteiimg d. naiestai Historic d. evang. Kirche v. 1689 bis 1719 (Halle, 1719,8vo). Among his doctrinal works the most important is his (Economia salutis evangelicce (2d edition, HaUe, 1730, 8vo; German translation 1738, often reprinted), against predestination; which met with great success. Finally he published also a Latin (irammar, which was for a long time very popular, and went through a great many editions; and an Autobiographie, to which is appended a list of his works (Haile and Ljiz. 1744). See Ucrzog, Real-Ency- klfip. viii, 194; Diiring, Gelehrte Theol. Dtutschlands, ii, 251 sq.; Kotermimd, Gekhrten Lexikon, s. v.; Dorner, Doctrine and Person if Christ, II, ii, 369, 376. (J. H. W.) Lange, Johann Michael, a German Protestant theologian and phil<iliigist. was born at Etzehvangen, near Sulzbach, March 9, 1664. He became successively pastor of llohenstrauss, Halle. Altdorf, and Prenzlow, where he died Jan. 10, 1731. He wrote fifty-six differ- ent works (see the list in IJotcrmund. /,f=x. iii, 1227), of which the princijial are Aphorismi Theologici (Altdorf, 1087) :—De Falnilis Mohamedicis (Altdorf, 1697, 4to):— Exercitatio Philologica de differentia linrpice Gi-(ecoritm veteris et nova seu barbaiv-G rcecee (2d edit. Altd, 1702) :
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— Decas I disputatt. theolog. exegeticarum cum positivo polemicarum numero sacro (Altd. 1703, 4to) : — De Alco- rani prima inter Eu ropceos ediiione A rabica per Pagani- niim Brixiensem, sedjussu Pontif. Rom. aholita (Altdorf, 1703) : — DeAlcoranoA rabico et vai-iis speciininibus atque novissimis successibus doctorum quoriimdam virorum in edendo Alcorano Arabico (Altdorf, 170-1) ; — De Alcorani versionibus variis, tarn oriental, quam occidental, impres- sis et civtKduaHi: (Altdorf, 1705) : — Octo Dissertationes de Versione N. T. burbaro-Grceca (Altd. 1705) : — Institutiones Pastorales i^nremb. 1707) : — Philologia barbaro-Grceca, etc. (Niircmb. 1707-8, 2 parts, 4to). See Zeltner, VitcB Theolog. (Altd.), p. 4G8-488; Will, Lexicon, ii, 394-405; Koteniumd, Sujipl. z. Jocher; Hoefer, Nou%j. Biog. Gene- rale, xxix, 391. (J, N. P.)