III. ]\Iodern Greek amlEastern Lituy-gies. — Three litur- gies are in use in the modern Greek or Constantinopolitan Church, viz., those of Basil and of Chrysostom, and the liturgy of the Presanctificd. The liturgy bearing the name of Basil is used b\' the Constantinopolitan Church ten times in the year, viz., on the eve of Christmas Day ; on the festival of St. Basil ; on the eve of the 'Feast of Lights, or the Epiphany ; on the several Sun- days in Lent, except the Sunday before Easter ; on the festival of the Virgin Mary ; and on Good Friday, and the following day, which is sometimes termed the great Sabbath. The liturgy ascribed to Chrysostom is read on all those days in the year on which the liturgies of Basil and of the Presanctitied are not used. The liturgy of the Presanctified is an office for the celebration of the Lord's Supper on Wednesdays and Fridays during Lent, with the elements which had been consecrated on the preceding Sunday. The date of this liturgy is not linown, some authors ascribing it to Gregory Thauma- turgus in the third century, while others ascribe it to Germanus, patriarch of Constantinople, in the eighth century. These liturgies are used in all those Greek churches which are subject to the patriarch of Constan- tinojjle, and in those countries which were originally converted by Greeks, as in Eussia, (ieorgia, Mingrelia, and by the Melchite patriarchs of ^Vlexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem (King's Rites of the Greek Church, p. 131- 134; Kichard et Giraud's Biblioth'eque Sacree, xv, 222- 224). The Coptic Jacobites, or Christians in Egypt, make use of the Liturgy of Alexandria, v.'hich formerly v,as called indiflferentlj^ the Liturgy of St. Mark, the re- puted founder of the Christian Clmrch at Alexandria, or the Liturgy of St. Cyril, who caused it to be committed to writing. The Egyptians had twelve liturgies, which are still preserved among the Abyssinians; but the patri- archs commanded that the Egyptian churches should use only three, viz., those of Basil, of Gregory the The- ologian, and of CjTil. The earliest liturgies of the Church of ^Vlexandria were written in Greek, which was tlie vernacular language, until the fourth and fifth cen- turies; since that time they have been translated into tlie Coptic and Arabic languages. The Abyssinians or Ethiopians receive the twelve liturgies which were for- merly in use among the Coptic Jacobites : they are com- monly found in the following order, viz., l.The liturgy of St. John the Evangelist. 2. That of the three hundred and eighteen fathers present at the Council of Nice. 3. That of Epiphanius. 4. That of St. James of Sarug or Syrug. 5. That of St. John Chrysostom. 6. That of Jesus Christ. 7. That of the Apostles. 8. That of St. Cyriac. 9. That of St. Gregory. 10. That of their patri- arch Uloscurus. 11. That"of"St. Basil. 12. That of St. Cyril. The Armenians who were converted to Christi- anity by Gregory, surnamed the Illuminator, have only one liturgy, which is supposed to be that of the Church of Csesarea ia Cappadocia, in wliich city Gregory re-
ceived his instruction. This liturgy is used on every occasion, even at funerals. The Syrian Catholics and Jacobites have numerous litm-gies, bearing the names of St. James, St. Peter, St. John the EvangeUst, St. Mark, St. Dionysius, Ijishop of Athens, St. Xystus, bishop of Korae, of the Twelve Apostles, of St. Ignatius, of St. Ju- lius, bishop of Korae, of St. Eustathius, of St. Chrysostom, of St.Maruthas, etc. Of these, the liturgy of St. James is most highly esteemed, and is the standard to which are referred all the others, which are chiefly used on the festivals of the saints whose names they bear. The INIaronites, who inhabit ]\Iount Lebanon, make use of a missal printed at Rome in 1594 in the Chaldeo-Syriac language: it contains thirteen liturgies under the names of St. Xystus, St. John Chrysostom, St. John the P^vange- list, St."Peter, St. Dionysius, St. Cyril, St. Matthew, St. John the Patriarch, St. Eustathius, St. Maruthas, St. James the Apostle, St. Mark the Evangelist, and a second liturgy of St. Peter. The Nestorians have three Utur- gies — that of the Twelve Apostles, that of Theodoras, surnamed the Interpreter, and a third under the name of Nestorius. The Indian Christians of St. Thomas are said to make use of the Nestorian liturgies (Richard et Giraud, Bibliotheque Sacree, xv, 221-227).
IV. LAturgies of the Church of Rome. — There are va- rious liturgical books in use in the modern Church of Rome, the greater part of which are common and gen- eral to all the members in communion with that Church, while others are permitted to be used only in particular places or by particular monastic orders.
1. The Breviary (Latin hreviurium) is the book con- taining the daily service of the Church of Rome. It is frequently, but erroneously, confounded with Missal and Ritual. The Breviary contains the matins, lauds, etc., with the several variations to be made therein, accord- ing to the several days, canonical hours, and the like. It is general, and may be used in every place ; but on the model of this have been formed various others, spe- cially appropriated to different religious orders, such as those of the Benedictines, Carthusians, Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuits, and other monastic orders. The difference between these books and that which is by way of eminence designated the Roman Breviary, con- sists chiefly in the number and order of the psalms, hymns, ave-marias, pater-nosters, misereres, etc., etc. Originally the Breviary contained only the Lord's Prayer and the Psalms which were used in the divine offices. To these were subsequently added lessons out of the Scriptures, according to the institutes of the monks, in order to diversify the service of the Church. In the progress of time the legendary lives of the saints, replete with ill-attested facts, were inserted, in compli- ance with the opinions and superstition of the times. This gave occasion to many revisions and reformations of the Roman Breviary by the councils, particularly of Trent and Cologne, and also by several popes, as Greg- ory IX, Nicholas III, Pius V, Clement VIII, and Urban VIII ; as likewise by some cardinals, especially cardinal Quignon, by whom various extravagances were removed, and the work was brought nearer to the simplicity of the primitive oflices. In its present state the Breviary of the Church of Rome consists of the services of matins, lauds, prime, third, sixth, nones, vespers, complines, or the jwst-communion, that is of seven hours, on account of the saying of David, Septies in die laudem dixi — " Sev- en times a day do I praise thee" (Psa. cxix, 164). The obligation of reading this service-book everj' day, which at first was imiversal, was by degrees reduced to the beneficiary clergy alone, who are bound to do it on pain of being guilty of mortal sin, and of refunding their rev- enues in proportion to their delinquencies in discharg- ing this duty. The Roman Breviary is recited in the Latin language throughout the Romish Church, ex- cept among the IMaronites in Syria, the Armenians, and some other Oriental Christians in communion with that Church, who rehearse it in their vernacular dialects.