In Sweden, which, although Lutheran, retains the episcopate, and may seem to demand a more special no- tice, there was published in 1811 a new, revised edition of the Liturgy, prepared at the time of the Reformation. This is divided into chapters, and contains the usual parts of a Church service, with forms for bajitism, mar- riage, etc. In Denmark there is also a regidarly con- stituted liturgy, of Bugcnhagen's, which, besides morn- ing and evening service for Sundays, contains three services for each of the three great festivals of Christ- mas, Easter, and Pentecost.
b. Moravian Litur(fy. — The liturgy of the Moravi- ans, as recipients, through their great leader, of the Augsburg Confession, is not without its interest in this connection. It was first published in 1632. Tli;it which has been adopted by the renewed Moravian Clnirch is mauily the work of count Zinzendorf, who com]iilcd it chiefly from the services of the Greek and Latin church- es, but who also availed himself of the valuable labors of Luther and of the English Reformers. The L'nited Brethren at present make use of a Church litany, intro- duced into the morning service of every Sunday ; a lit- any for the morning of Easter-day, containing a short but comprehensive confession of faith ; two oflSces for the baptism of adults, and two for the baptism of chil- dren: two litanies at burials; and oftices for confirma-
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tion, the holy communion, and for ordmation ; the Te Deum, and doxologies adapted to various occasions. All these liturgical forms in use in England are comprised in the new and revised edition of the Litutyjy and Ifijmns for the Use of (he Protestant Church of the United Bi-eth- ren (London, 18-49). Other services peculiar to this Church, which are called "liturgies," consist mainly of a choral, with musical responsoria as a litany. This litany is for Sundays, There is a short prayer of betrothal, a baptismal office, also a form on Easter, used in the church-yards, of expressing their confidence in regard to tlie brethren departed of the year preceduig. The daily service, which is in the evening, is a simple prayer- meeting. In this, as in the Sunday service, the prayers and exhortations are extemporaneous.
c. Calrinislic Liturgies. — The liturgy of Calvin, which, like that of Luther, constitutes the type of a class, differs from this latter in two imjwrtant respects — the absence of responsive portions, and the discretion conferred npon the officiator in the performance of pub- lic worship. This discretion seems to have been limit- ed, however, to the use of one form of prayer rather than another, given in the Directory. These prayers were read by the pastor from the pulpit. The service began with a general confession, was followed by a psalm, prayer again, sermon, prayer, the Apostles' Creed, and benediction. Two additional prayers were pro- vided for occasions of communion, one coming before, the other after ; also a very long one of deprecation in times of war, calamity, etc. For the administration of the Lord's Supper there is an exhortation as to its in- tent— "fencing the tables," as it is called in Scotland. This is followed by the distribution of the elements, with psalms and passages of Scripture appropriate to the occasion. The offices of baptism and marriage are simple, but not discretionary as to their form. In ac- cordance with what seems to be the peculiar Genevan characteristic, they are not wanting in length.
The present liturgy of Geneva is a development of that of Calvin, with certain modifications. It has no responses. Several additional prayers have been added. A distinct service for each day in the week is provided, also for the principal festivals, and for certain special occasions. So also as to the churches in sj'mpathy with the system of Calvin. They have liturgies similar to that of Geneva, although not identical. Such is the case with the churches of Holland and Neufchatel, and the Keformed churches of France. A new edition of the old French Liturgy of 15G2 was published in 1826, with additional forms for special occasions. The liturgy of the Church of Scotland is in some respects different. It was drawn up at Frankfort by Knox and others, after tlie model of Calvin's, and was first used by Knox in a congregation of English exiles at Geneva. It was af- terwards introduced by him into Scotland; its use en- joined in 15G-1, and such usage was continued until after his death. An edition of this liturgy was published in 1811 by Dr. Gumming. It differs from that of Calvin in that it more clearly leaves to the minister officiating to decide whether he shall use any form of prayer given or one of his own compositions extemporaneously or otherwise. It begins with the confession, as in Calvin's, and with the same form. This is followe<l by a psalm, by prayer, the sermon, prayer, psalm, and benediction. The book contains various offices and alternate forms; among other things, an order of excommunication, and a treatise on fasting, with a form of prayer for private houses, and grace before and after meals. The new book of Scotland of 1G4-1 may be regarded as a modifi- cation of those of Knox and Calvin. In the Directory of the Westminster Assembly the discretionary' power is greatly enlarged. Scriptural lessons are to be read in regular course, the quantity at the discretion of the minister, with liberty, if he see fit, of expounding. Heads of prayer in that before the sermon are pre- scribed, and rides for the arrangement of the sermon. The Lord's Prayer is recommended as the most perfect