form of devotion. Private and lay baptism are forbid- den. The arrangement of the Lord's table is to be such that communicants may sit about it, and the dead are to be buried without prayer or religious ceremony.
d. Intermediate between these two great families of liturgies, the Lutheran and Calvinistic, are those of the other Reformed churches on the Continent. It may be said, in general, that the German-speaking portion of these churches approach and partake of the Lutheran spirit and forms, and the Swiss of the Calvinistic, though there are individual exceptions. In 15'23, the same j-ear with Luther's work already mentioned, Zwingle and Leo Judah published at Zurich offices for baptism, the Lord's Supper, marriage, commtin prayer, and burial. This was followed by a more complete work in 1525, and sub- sequently by others. Similar works were published at Berne, Schaffhausen, and Basle at a later period. The peculiarity of these, according to Ebrard, quoted in Iler- zog, "is the liturgical character in the celebration of the Lord's Supper, in which they compare favorably with the Calvinistic liturgies; also the custom of an- noimcing the dead, and the special prayers for the fes- tivals." The liturgical issues which during this cen- tury have agitated the Lutheran Church have extended to those of the Keformed, not, however, to the same ex- tent, nor with results of such decided character.
VI. Litui'gies in the English Language. — Previous to the introduction of the Reformation on Anglican ground, the public service of the English churches was, like that of other Western churches, performed in the Lat- in language. But, though the language was univer- sally Latin, the liturgy itself varied greatly in the dif- ferent parts of the kingdom. The dioceses of Bangor, Hereford, Lincoln, Sarum, York, and other churches, used liturgies which were commonly designated by the " Uses," and of these the most celebrated were the Breviary and Missal, etc., secundum vsum Sarum, com- piled by Osmund, bishop of Salisbury, about the year 1080, and reputed to be executed -with such exact- ness according to the rules of the Romish Church that they were also employed in divine service in many churches on the Continent. They consiste^I of prayers and offices, some of which had been transmitted from very ancient times, and others were of later origin, ac- commodated to the Romish religion. Compare MaskeU, The Ancient Liturgy of the Church of England, accord- ing to the Uses of Sarum, Bangor, York, Hereford, and the Modern Roman Liturgy (London, 1844, 8vo). Also by the same, Monumenta Ritualia Ecclesia A nglicance ; or, Occasional Offices of the Church of England, ac- cording to the Ancient Use of Salisbury ; the Prymer in English, and other Prayeis and Foi'ms (Loudon, 1846,3 vols. 8vo).
Tlie first attempt in England to introduce the ver- nacular was made in 1536, when, in pursuance of Henry VIH's injunctions, the Bible, Pater-noster, Creed, and Decalogue were set forth and placed in churches, to be read in English. In 1545 the King's Primer was pub- lished, containing a form of morning and evening prayer in English, besides the Lord's Prayer, Creed, and Ten Commandments, the Seven Penitential Psalms, Litany, and other devotions, and in 1547, on the accession of Ed- ward VI, archbishop Cranmer, bishop Ridley, and elev- en other eminent divines, martyrs, and confessors, v.ere commissioned to draw up a liturgy in the English lan- guage " free from those unfounded doctrines and super- stitious ceremonies which had disgraced the Latin litur- gies ;" and this was ratified by act of Parliament in 1548, and published in 1549. This liturgy is commonly known and cited as the First Prayer-Bouk of Edward VL In the great body of their work Cranmer and his associates derived their materials from the earlier services which had been in use in England; " but in the occasional of- fices they were indebted to the labors of IMelancthon and Buccr, and through them to the older liturgy of Nu- remberg, which those reformers were instructed to fol- low" (Dr.Cardwell's Two Books of Common Prayer, set
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forih . . . in the reirfn of Kim/ Echcard the Sixth, com- jHirtd, p. xiv, Oxford, 1838). In consequence, however, of exceptions being taken at some things in this book, wliicli were thought to savor too much of superstition, it underwent another revision, and was further altered ill I.").') I, when it was again confirmed by Parliament. This edition is usuallj' cited as the Second Prai/er-book of I'.dwttrd VI.: it is very nearly the same with that whicli is at present in use. The two Liturgies, A.D. 1549 and A.D. 1552, icith other Documents, set forth hy Authority in the Reiyn of King Edicard VI, were very carefully edited for the I'arker Society by the Kev. Jo- seph Ketley, M.A., at the Cambridge University Press, in 1844, in octavo. The two acts of Parliament (2 and 3 Edward YI, c. 1, and 5 and 6 Edward VI, c. 1) which had been passed for establishing uniformity of divine ser\ice were repealed in the first year of Queen Mary, who restored the Latin litiu-gies according to the popish forms of worship. On the accession of Elizabeth, how- e^•er, the Prayer-book was restored, and has been in use ever since. For the later history of the subject, includ- ing liturgical books in England, Scotland, and America, see Common Prayer.