des. iii, col. 177 ; Fabricius, Bihl. Grcec. xi, 668). — Smith, Dict^ of Gr. and Rom. Biog. and Mythol. s. v.
Manuel IIolouolus, a Byzantine ecclesiastic of the 13th century, about 1261 or 1262 was cruelly mutilated Ijy the cutting off of his nose and lips, by order of the ambitious Michael Pala;ologus, because he had express- ed grief at the deposition, persecution, and banishment of Joannes Lascaris, emperor of Nica>a, by PaUeologus, his successor in the empire. Holobolus was then con- fined to the monastery of the Precursor, where, having excellent abilities and opportunities, he pursued his stud- ies with success. About A.D. 1267 Germanus III, bish- op of Constantinople, procured for him the appointment of teaclier of a school of young ecclesiastics, and pre- vailed upon the emperor to remit his punisliment and allow him to quit the monastery. Germanus also con- ferred on him the ecclesiastical office of rhetor, reader and expounder of the Scriptures. When the emperor PaUeologus attempted a reconciliation of the Greek and Latin churches, he sought the counsel of Holobolus, but he declared against tlie plan of reconciliation. This brought upon him the emperor's indignation, and he was obliged to take refuge in the church sanctuary to escape violence from the emperor's courtiers; was ban- ished thence to the monastery of Hj^acinthus, at Nice, A.D. 1273 ; was afterwards taken back to Constantino- ple, and beaten and paraded ignominiouslj' through the streets. In A.D. 1283, after the accession of Androiiicus II, Palaiologus, son of IMichael, who pursued with re- spect to tlie union of the churches an opposite policy to that of his father, Holobolus appeared in the Synod of Constantinople, in which Joannes Veccus was deposed from the patriarchate of Constantinople, and he took part in the subsequent disputations with that chief of the Latinizing party. Little else is known of Holobo- lus. See Smith, Diet. ofGr. and Rom. Biog. and Mgthol. s. v.
Manuel Pal-eologus. SeepERRARA; Florence,
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Manuel, Niclaus, or Nicolas, sometimes called Deutscit, one of the most prominent characters in the ecclesiastical history of Switzerland, in the age just iire- ceding the Reformation, was born at Bern in 1484. His real name is conjectured by his biographer. Dr. Griin- eisen, to have been A lleman, but, as he was illegitimate, it was, for family reasons, changed anagrammatically into ' that of INIanuel. It is further conjectured that he was brought up by his maternal grandfather, Thiiring Frick- art. He was an artist by profession, but he excelled also as a poet and author. He studied the art of paint- ing at Colmar, under the successors of the celebrated Martin Schtin, until the fame of Titian attracted him to Venice, where, about 1511, he became one of his pupils : he is the Emanudlo Tedesco of Ridolfi and other Italian writers. He is said to have assisted Holbein, in 1515, in his " Dance of Death ;" but this is very improbable, as he was himself employed at that time in painting the same subject in the cloister of the Dominican convent at Bern. It was executed in fresco or distemper. The picture consisted of forty-six subjects, forty-one of which were the actual Todtentanz ; it has long since been de- stroyed, but the compositions are preserved in prints and copies : the wall on which it was painted was jMilled down in 1660. ]\Ianuel was an active reformer, and many of tliese designs are reflections upon the abuses of the Roman Church. He also ornamented his own house with a large fresco, representing Solomon wor- shipping idols. But of these and several other of his works nothing now remains, except some small water- color copies preserved in the library at Basle. How- ever, either because his pencil did not bring liim suffi- cient for the maintenance of his family, or from his po- litical ardor, he was induced to engage in military and public affairs. He .served, as quartermaster or commis- sary, among the Swiss allies who assisted Francis I in his expedition against Milan, 1522, and was present both at
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the storming of Novara and the battle of Bicocca. In the following year he was chosen landvogt of Erlach, and from the year 1526 distinguished himself by his zeal in the cause of the Reformation. From this period he was entirely devoted to that cause, and to his various public employments. He died in 1530, when only forty- six years of age. As a writer he began to distinguish himself in 1509, by various popular poems and songs in the Swiss dialect, full of humor and sharp satire. He is said In' some to be the author of a song, which origi- nated in the early part of the IGth century, deriding the belief in the immacidate conception of the Virgin Marj'. But though this be doubtful, it is certain that Manuel wielded his pen in support of the Reformation by at- tacking the gross abuses of the clergj' and the licen- tiousness of monastics. His Fasinachtssjnele, or " Dra- matic Moralities and Mysteries," which he began to compose about 1522, are marked by the same qualities as his polemical pieces. See Dr. Grlineisen, Nicclas Manud, Lehen imd Werke eines Malers, Dichters, Krie- gers, Staatsmanneg, mid Reformators (Stuttgart and Tu- bingen, 1837) ; Nagler, Neues A l/f/emei'nes Kiinstler-Lex- ikov, s. v. ; Herzog, Eeal-Enctjklop. ix, 4 sq. ; English Cgcloji. s. V.