MANTUA
■19
MANUEL
s. V. ; Middleton, Evangelical Biogi-aphy, iii, 429. (J. H.W.)
Mantua, an Italian province, formerly an indepen- dent duchy, had a high reputation in the time of the Komans. After sharing the fate of the rest of Northern Italy, it was seized by the Gonzagas about the com- mencement of the Wth century. The last didve of the house of Gonzaga died childless at I'adua in 1708, when Mantua fell into the hands of Austria. In 18o9 the province was given up to Italy, but the town of Mantua was not restored to Italy until 186(j, since which time Mantua has formed a province of the new kingdom of Ital}\ See Italy. The city of Mantua is noted in ec- clesiastical history for a council that was held there in 10(57 to judge pope Alexander II for a charge of simony brought against him. Alexander II took an oath to deny the accusation, and, proving the validity of his election, was recognised as the proper incumbent of the pa]):il chair; while Honorius II (q. v.), the anti-pope, was unanimously condemned as simoniacal. See Lan- don, Mdiinul of Councils, p. 390.
Maiituan, Baptist, a famous Italian monastic and poet, was born at Mantua in 1-148 ; joined the Carmel- ites, became general of the order, quitted it in 1515, and devoted himself for the remainder of his life to belles- lettres. He died in 151G. His works were published at Paris in 1513 (3 vols. foL), with the Commentaries of S. Murrhon, S. Brant, and J. Badius; and at Antwerp in 157G (4 vols. 8vo). under the title, J. Baptistm Man- tuani, Carmelitm, theologi, philosophi, pioetce, et oratoris cldrissiini, opera omnia, plaribus lihris aucta et restituta. — (leu. liing. Diet, ix, 51, s. v.
Mantz, Fklix, a Baptist martyr of the early part of the IGth century, and a leader of the Reformation in Germany, was a native of Zurich. In 1519 he studied Hebrew with Zwingle, under Carlstadt, and was inti- mate with that reformer, and also with Myconius, Cap- ito, and other leaders of the Swiss Reformation. About 15"22 he objected openly to the doctrine of infant bap- tism, to the tithes, usurj', and other peculiarities of the Romish Church, and thus failing to harmonize with the opinions of Zwingle, he was led to a separation from the party of that reformer, and became connected with the Baptists. In 1523 he preached publicly on the subject of baptism. In the three disputes held at Zurich in 1525, iNIantz appears to have taken part, and after that of March was thrown into prison, from which, however, he escaped. He afterwards preached in different parts of Switzerland ; in 152G was imprisoned in the tower of Wellenberg, on the charge of baptizing contrary to the prohibitory edict of the magistrates of Ziirich, and, re- fusing to recant, was condemned, and drowned in Janu- ary, 1527. See Brown, Baptist Martyrs, p. 49 (Amer. Bap. Pub. Soc. Phila.).
Manu (from the Sanscrit ?»«?;, to ?/«■«/>,•,• literally, //ie ihinkiii'i being) is the name of the reputed author of the most renowned law-book of the ancient Hindus, and likewise of an ancient Kalpa sttti-n (q. v.). It is mat- ter, however, of considerable doubt whether both works belong to the same individual, and whether the name Manu, especially in the case of the author of the law- book, was intended to designate a historical personage. In several passages of the Vedas (q. v.), as well as of the Mahiibhfirata (q. v."), IManu is spoken of as the progeni- tor of the human race, and in the first chapter of the law-book ascribed to 1dm he declares himself to have been produced by A'irnj, an offspring of the Supreme Bsing, and to have created all the imiverse. Hindu mytliidogy, moreover, recognises a succession of ]\Ianus, each of whom created, in his own period, the world anew after it had perished at the end of a mundane age. The word Manu — kindred with our " ma)i' — belongs there- fore, properly speaking, to ancient Hindu mythology, and it A\-as connected with the renowned law-book in order to impart to the latter the sanctity on which its authority rests. This work is not merely a law-book in
the European sense of the word ; it is likewise a system of cosmogony, or, as Sir William Jones has it, "com- prises the Indian system of duties, religious and civil." It propounds metaphysical doctrines, teaches the art of government, and, among other things, treats of the state of the soul after death. The chief topics of its twelve books are the following; 1. Creation; 2. Education and the duties of a pupil, or the first order; 3. Marriage and the duties of a householder, or the second order; 4. Means of subsistence, and private morals; 5. Diet, puri-. fication, and the duties of women ; G. Tlie duties of an anchorite and an ascetic, or the duties of the third and fourth orders ; 7. Government, and the duties of a king and the military caste ; 8. Judicature and law, private and criminal; 9. Continuation of the former, and the duties of the commercial and servile castes; 10. Mixed castes, and the duties of the castes in time of distress; 11. Penance and expiation ; 12. Transmigration and final beatitude. It is the opinion of Maine (Ancient Laio~) and other eminent scholars that the code of Manu was never full}' accepted or enforced in India, and remained always an ideal of the perfect Brahmanic state. It is supposed, by Wilson, Lassen, Max Midler, and Saint IMar- tin, to have been written about B.C. 900 or 1000. The text of this work has been published in several editions both in India and Europe. An excellent English trans- lation of it we owe to Sir W.Jones (Calcutta, 1796; 2d ed., by Haughton, Lond. 1825), and a very good French translation to A. Loiseleur Deslongchamps (Paris, 1833). See Johiintzen, Ueber das Gesetzbuch des Manu (Berl. 18G3) ; Jlax Miiller, Chips from a German Worhsliop (Index to vol. ii) ; Elphinstone, Hist, of India (3d ed.), p. 22G sq. ; Hardwick, Christ and other Masters, i, 194 sq. ; James Freeman Clarke, Ten Great Religions, p. 100 sq. See Hini>iiism.