Manudiictor is the name of an ecclesiastical officer whose duty it was to give the signal to the choristers to sing, to mark the measure, beat the time, and regu- late the music. The word means to lead by means of the hand; and the officer was so called because he was required to stand in the middle of the aisle, and to guide the choir by the motions of his hand. The Greek Church has an officer who performs similar services, who is called 3fesocho>-os, because he is seated in the midst of the choir. — Farrar, Eccles. Diet. s. v.
Manuel Ciiauitopulus (o XapiroTroiAoc), or Sa- RANTENUS (o 'S.apavTi]voQ), or the Philosopher, a (ireek ecclesiastic who flourished in the r2th and 13th centu- ries, acquired a high reputation by his philosophical attainments. He was appointed patriarch of Constan- tinople on the death of Maximus II, A.D. 1215, and held the patriarchate for five years and seven months. He died about A.D. 1221. Three synodal decrees of a Man- uel, patriarch of Constantino])le, are given in the Jus Graco-Bomanum of Leunclavius (lib. iii, p. 238, etc.). who assigns them to Charitopulus, and is followed by Cave and Oudin, who have confounded Charitopulus with an- other Manuel (of Constantinople). Le Quien objects to this judgment of Leunclavius, as not founded on evi- dence, and, with better reason, adjudges them to IMan- uel Bryennius. Ephraem of Constantinople celebrates Charitopulus as " an exact observer of the laws and can- ons" (Georg.Acropolit. ^-1 ?;??«/. [c. 19, p. 17, ed. Paris; p. 35, ed. Bonn] ; Ephraem. De I'ut7-iarcliis [Charitop. vs. 10, 251, ed. Bonn]; Anonymous [supposed by some to be Niceph. Callist.], De Pairiarckis Cha?iiopolitams Cai-men lambicum, and Patriarchce Chen-itopoleos, apud Labbe, De Ilistor. Byzant. Srriptorib. JIpoTpiTTTiKov ; Le Quien, Oriens Christianits, i, col. 278 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 1240, ii, 297 [ed. Oxford, 1740-42) ; Oudin. Com- ment de Scriptorib. et Scriptls Eccles. iii, col. 177). — Smith, Diet, of Gr. and Rom. Biog. and Mythol. s. v.
Manuel (I) Co:«sknus (MnvouiiX 6 Kopi'tjvoc'), emperor of Constantinople from 1143 to 1180, was the fourth son of John II, and was born about A.D. 1120. Two of his elder brothers, Alexis and Andronicus, both died before their father, and a special declaration of the
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emperor appointed Manuel as his successor, to the prej- udice i)f his third son, Isaac 8ehastocrator. As soon as Manuel ascended the throne, he surrounded himself with the bravest warriors of the West, and soon became fore- most even among them for Ids courage. His reign was a succession of wars, sometimes in Asia, sometimes in Europe. Conrad III and Louis VII having informed him that they were preparing a new crusade, Manuel, although apparently disposed to help them, gave secret information to the Turks of the approaching danger.
The relation which Manuel Comnenus sustained to the Church of Rome is of special interest to us. His Latin subjects he treated with kindness, embellished their churches, and readily did all they asked of him. This generous disposition on the part of Manuel Com- nenus towards the Latins encouraged pope Hadrian IV (1154-1159) to make proposals for a union of the East- ern with the Western Church, but the plan failed of success because of the objections of tlie Greek patriarch to acknowledge the supremacy of the pope of Rome. See Greek Ciiukcii. After Hadrian's death Manuel entered into correspondence with Alexander HI, de- clared himself in favor of the Crusades, and offered as- sistance. The German emperor, Frederick I, had taken sides with the rival pope Victor, and Manuel embraced this opportunity to urge upon Alexander the claims of the Greek emperor to the Roman crown, promising in return to aid the pope in establishing the papal po^ver in all Italy, and in the union of the Eastern and West- ern Church. So long as the pope was in danger from the invading AUemanni, he acted as if he felt inclined to acknowledge the true representative of Constantine and Augustus. Rut after the establishment of peace and friendship with Frederick, Alexander "spoke a more peremptory language, confirmed the acts of his prede- cessors, excommunicated the adherents of Manuel, and pronounced the final separation of the churches, or at least the empires of Constantinople and Rome" (Gibbon, v,491). Manuel died Sept. 24, 1180. He is said to have been deeply versed in theology, but " was certainly rath- c r a great talker than a great thinker on religion." See Smith, Diet, of Gr, and Rom. Biorj. s. v.; Lebeau, Hist, (hi Bas-Empire (Paris, 1834), xvi, 63 sq. ; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen-Lexikon, s. v.
Manuel of Constantinople, There were two Manuels patriarchs of Constantinople, Manuel I (Chari- topulus), and Manuel II, the subject of the present arti- cle. Cave, Oudin, and others seem to have confounded the two, for they state that Manuel Charitopulus suc- ceeded Germanus II in A.D. 1240. Charitopulus was the predecessor of Germanus, not his successor; Manuel II was his successor, though not immediately, for the brief patriarchate of Methodius II and a vacancy in the see, of considerable but uncertain length, intervened. IManuel's death is distinctly fixed as having occurred two months before that of the emperor Joannes Ducas Vatatzcs, A.D. 1255, Oct. 30. The duration of his pa- triarchate is fixed by Nicephorus Callisti, according to Le Quien, at eleven years; but the table in the Protrep- ticon of Labbc assigns to him fourteen years, so that A.D. 1240 or 1214 may be assumed as the year of his acces- sion, according as one or the other of these authorities is preferred. Manuel field, Ijeforc his patriarchate, a high place among the ecclesiastics of the Byzantine court, then fixed at Nice, and was reputed a man of l)iety and holiness, "thougli married," and of a mild and gentle disposition, but by no means learned. The three iSententice Synodales of the patriarcli ]\Ianuel given in the Jus Grmco-Romamim undoubtedly belong to this patriarch, not to Charitopulus, for the second of them. De Translatione Episcoponim, is cxpresslj' dated July, Indict. 8, A.M. 6578, iera of Constant. = A.D. \TM. Some Morks in MS., especially a ktter to pope Innocent by '• Manuel Patriarcha CPol.," probably belong to Manuel of Constantinople (Le (^uien, Orievs Christianus, i, col. 279; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad aiin. 1240, ii, 297 [ed. Oxford, 1740-42] ; Oudin, Comment de iScrijttotib. et Saijiiis Ec-