3. tl j'l^b, semikah' (Judg. iv, 14), the garment (roars;, " rug," or " blanket") used by Jael to fling over the weary Sisera as a coverlid (Sept. twifioXaioi', but Cfppi'f ap- pears to have been the reading of Origen and Augus- tine). The word is derived from Ti'?&, imponere, and is evidently a general term. Hesychius defines t7ri/3o- Xaioj^ by nwpa i] paicoQ, and Suidas by to to) 7rpoTip<fi iTrifSaXXoptrov. Tlie word used in the Targum is rt^p^il, which is only the Greek KavvoKT], and the Latin gaunacum; and this word is explained by Tarro to be "raajus sagum et amphimallon" {De Ling. Lat. iv, 35), i. e. a larger cloak woolly on both sides. Hesychius dif- fers from Yarro in this, for he says Kavvc'iKai o-rpioparn 1) tTTil36Xain t-fpoiiaXXi), i. e. woolly on orie side; the Scholiast, on Aristophanes, adds that it was a Persian, and Pollux that it was a Babylonian robe (Rosenmiiller, Schol. ad loc). There is, therefore, no reason to under- stand it of a curtain of the tent, as Faber does. Since the Orientals constantly used upper garments for bed- ding, the rendering " mantle." though inaccurate, is not misleading (compare Ruth iii, 9 ; Ezek. xvi, 8, etc.). In the above passage the Hebrew word has the definite ar-
MANTLE
718
MANTON
tide prefixed, and it may therefore be inferred tliat it ■was some part of the regular furniture of the tent. The due to a more exact signification is given by the Arabic version of the Polyglot, which renders it by al-kati/a/i, a word which is explained by Dozy {Dictionnaire des Vi'te- meiits Arabes, p. 232), on the authority of Ibn Batuta and other Oriental autliors, to mean certain articles of a thiolv fabric, in shape like a plaid or shawl, which are commonly used for beds bj' the Arabs: "When they sleep they spread them on the ground. For the under part of the bed they are doubled several times, and one longer than the rest is used for a coverlid." On such a bed, on the floor of Ileber's tent, no doubt the weary Sisera threw himself, and such a coverlid must the semi- kah have been which Jael laid over him.
4. mSI^j^p, maataphoth', occurs only in Isa. iii, 22. It was some article of female dress, and is derived from Cj^", to tceave. Schroder, the chief authority on this subject, says it means a large exterior tunic with sleeves.
In-door Dress of a modern Egyptian Lady, showing the back Veil and the Mantle.
worn next to the pallium (De Vest. Mid. xv, 247-277). In this same verse, and in Ruth iii, 15, occurs the word nnSIi'S, mitpachoth', A.Y. "wimples," which appears to have been a sort of square covering like a plaid (Mi- chAitYM, Supplem. p. 1021; Kosenmiiller, .Sc/w/. ,• Isa. iii, 22). We cannot find tiie shadow of an authority for Jahn's very explicit statement, that both these words mean the same article, ns;:""? being the fashion fur the winter, and nn5::'2 for the summer; though his assertion that "it covered the whole body from head to foot" may be very true (Jahn. Jilbl. A rvh. sec. 127).
For other terms, such as nb-^b, ximlnh' (Gen. ix,23, etc.), X'"^"/'i'C (Matt, xxvii, 2«)', irroX// (Mark xii, 38), etc., see Duiiss. The (peXfwijc (A.V. cloke) to which St, Paul makes such an interesting allusion in 2 Tim. iv, 13, seems to have been the Latin jxri/ii la (comp. "I^bs), a sort of travelling-cloak for wet weather. A great deal has been written about it, and at least one monograph (Stosch, Dissert, dc J'dllio Paii/l, Lugd. 1700)." Even in Chrj-sostom's time some took it to be -o yXiurrrroKicn^iot' Irin -a fti(i\ia tKuro (a sort of fravdling-bag), and Jerome, Theophylact,Grotius, etc., shared in this opinion (Schleusner, Lex. X. T. s. v. ^ai\uv>)g),—Kitto ; Smith. See Cloak.
Manton, Thomas, D.D., one of the most eminent of the Puritan divines of the 17th century, was born in 1G20 at Lawrence-Lydiard, Somerset, England. His fa- ther and both his grandfathers were ministers. He was educated at Wadham College, Oxford, and received or- ders from bishop Hall before he had attained the age of twenty, being regarded by the good prelate as an ex- traordinary young man. The greatness of his charac- ter displayed itself even at this early age. Believing that admission to deacon's orders constituted authority to preach, he steadfastly refused priest's orders after hav- ing received deacon's. After staying a short time at Colyton, in Devonshire, he removed to London, and was presented in 1G43 with the living of Stoke-Newington, near London. Here he prepared and afterwards pub- lished his Expositions oj' James and Jade. (The former was published in 1651; edited by Sherman, 1840, royal 8vo; edited by ]\l'Donough, 1842, 8vo; the latter was published in 1058, 4to; new ed. 1838, 8vo.) During the Revolution he was frequently called to preach before Parliament, where he had the courage to speak against the death of the king, though he gave great offence. In 1053 he was chosen preacher of St. Paul's, Covent Gar- den, where he had a numerous congregation of persons of great note and rank, and was eminently successful in his ministry. Joining in the Rebellion, he became one of the chaplains to the protector, and one of the com- mittee for examining ministers under the common- wealth. He was forward, however, to promote the Res- toration in IGGO, was chosen one of the king's chaplains, and was also honored b\' Oxford at this time with the degree of D.D. by special request of king Charles II. In 16G1 he was offered the deanery of Rochester, but this position he refused. Like Baxter, he clung to the last to the hope that a scheme of comprehension might be carried for the Presbyterians ; and he had yielded so far as to receive episcopal institution from Sheldon to permit the reading of the Common Prayer in his church, but when he clearly saw that there was peace only viithin the Establishment, and by an utter abandon- ment of all Puritan principles, he let the deanery go, content to remain in the position he was then filling. The passing of the Act of Uniformity forced him into the ranks of the Nonconformists. Efforts were made by Calamy, ]\Ianton, and Bates, the leaders of those Pres- byterians who still hoped for redress, to secure their rights from the king by personal interview, and they even received encouragement from Charles II of a favor- able change, who " promised to restore them to their em- ployments and jilaces again, as pitying that such men should lie vacant" (Stoughton, i, 302). But the king proved false, anil the Puritans lost their places. Among the Nonconformist ministers who would not quit the pulpit until forced was Thomas Manton. Deprived of a church, he opened his rooms in Covent Garden, and there gathered a congregation. Here the Oxford oath was tendered to him, and on refusal he was committed a prisoner to the (Jate-house, and was kept confined for six months. He died Oct. 18, 1077. Perhaps few men of that age had more virtue and fewer failings; but his only trust was in the Lamb of God. As a preacher he was most highly esteemed by his contemporaries. Usher calls him " one of the best preachers in England." As a practical expositor of Scripture he was perhaps never surpassed. He left numerous writings, chiefly sermons and expositions. A collective edition of his works was published in 5 vols. 8vo, in 1081-84-89-93-1701, with Life by Dr. William Harris ; but this collection is in- complete. A list of all his productions is given by Dar- ling, Cijiiop. Biblioij. i, 1953-56. The publication of a complete collection of his works, prepared under the su- pervision of the" Rev. Thomas Smith, D.D., and others, with fidl indexes and an original memoir by the Rev. .1. C. Ryle. was begun in 1869, and is to be completed, in 20 vols, demy 8vo, in 1874. See the excellent article in Allibone's JJictionmy of British and American Ati- thcrs, vol. ii, s. v. ; Hook, Ecclesiastical Biofjr. vol. vii,