"In the East, missions were founded in Hindustan, the East India Islands, Japan, China, Tonquin, Abys- sinia ; in America, the half-civilized natives of Teru and Mexico were converted, and their descendants now form the mass of the people, and the Cliurch of Rome has enrolled two of Indian blood among her canonized saints. The nomadic tribes from Labrador to Cape Horn were visited; many were completely gained, in other parts reductions were formed, and such as could be persuaded to enter were instructed alike in the truths of Christi- anity and the usages of civilized life. Close on these discoveries came the religious feuds of the IGth century, aiul the defection of nearl}' every prince in Northern Europe from the Itonian see. State churches were formed in many of thetierman states, tlie Scandinavian kingdoms, Holland, England, and Scotland, based on the doctrines of Luther and Calvin. This led to a new species of mission: colleges were establislied in Catholic countries for tlie education of their fellow-believers in the northern countries, and the training of such as wished to enter tlie priesthood ; and from these semina- ries missionaries proceeded to their native coimtry to minister to their brethren, and to gain back such as seemed to repent the late change. Many suffered the penalty of death ; but this, as usually hajjpens, only raised up others to fill their places. From this period the Catholic missions were either home missions for in- structing the ignorant and neglected in Catholic coun- tries, or those in wliich tlie exercise of religion is per- mitted (comp. Nitzsch, rraldische Theolorjie, vol. iii, pt. i); missions in rrotestant countries to supf.ly clergy for the Catholic portion ; missions among schismatics to reunite them to IJome ; missions to pagan nations. These missions l)ecame at last so important a part of the Church government tliat (iregory X\' (ICrJl-'io) insti- tuted the Congregation dc l'roi)agaiiila Eide [see Pitoi-- aganda], which gave a new iinpnlse to the zeal and fervor of missionaries, and all interested in the mission- ary cause. This congregation or departnieiu consisted of thirteen cardinals, two jiricsts, a religious, and a sec- retary; and to it exclusively was committed the direc- tion of missions and Church matters in mission coun- tries. Considerable sums were bestowed by public and private munificence on this department, and inider Ur- ban VIII a college, usually styled the Urban College, or the Propaganda, was erected and richly endowed. Here candidates for the priesthood and the missions arc re- ceived from all quarters of the globe, aiul a printing-
press issues devotional works in a great number of lan- guages. Besides this college, there soon rose the Arme- nian College at Venice, the Germanic, English, Irish, and Scotch colleges at Rome, the English colleges at Kheims and Douay, the Irish and Scotch at Paris, the Irish colleges at Lonvain and Valladolid, and some oth- ers, all intended to train the missionaries for their own countries; and at a later date the Chinese college at Najdes was founded in the same view, and of late years a missionary college has arisen at Drumcondra. Con- vents and religious houses of various orders were also founded on the Continent for natives of the British Isles, and from these also missionaries annually set out for the missions in the English dominions. Most of these lat- ter have, however, since disapjieared, swept away by the French Revolution, or transferred to England or the United States" (Newcomb, Ci/clopcedia of J/i.tsions, p. 299 S(i.). See /;»//&/( lieeieu; xvi, 421 sq. We also extract from Newcomb a detailed account of the results of these missionary operations ; for still later particulars we refer the reader to the articles on the several coun- tries in this Cyclopa'dia.
"I. Misaionary Societies.— There are, properly speaking, no niissionai-y societies in the Catholic Church snnilar to those ainonir Protestants. Three societies, of quite recent
(III:: 111 i!i' >■„■,,■! I /,,!■ the J'lcjia'fdlioa of the Faith, cen- trii, ii I, . I — ilic h'aj„,i,i;,ic Snn'rf'i, at Viciuia : and tlii - ' .' 'A. W"/// 'V'i7'//»'r,./. in France— raise fimds bv u .ni.u. \\'jL:kly couti'ibiitioii, wliicli the directors dis- tribute to various missions, as ihey think proper, but over the missionaries aud stations tliey exercise no control. The various missions are conducted entirely independent of this aid, relying, in default of it, on otiier resources. The last-named society is made up of children, and has a special object, the raising of money to save and baptize children exposed to death by their unnatural parents in China and Auiuini. Besides ilie aid thus given, some missions have funds established before the present cen- tury, and formerly French, Sjianish, aud PortUj-'Uese mis- sionaries received a reirular stipend from the gtivernnieut. Tlie great mass ofilie inissions at present are individual efforts, supported by the zeal aud sacrifices of the bishops aud clergy eniiiloyed on them.
" II. Jie'reijitx.- '] he amount raised 11^1852 by the Society for the Proiia<:atioii olihe Faith was $950,(11)0 ; by the So- ciety of the Holy Childhood, $117,000; total, $1,067,000.
"III. MissiitiHii-ii .■<'utiiins.—A. Eruoi'E.— 1. Among the Protestant stales of Europe, the only countries where the Catholic Chuich is still a mere mission are Denmark, Nor- way, aud Sweden. Here the number of Catholics is very small, and no details are iiublished, as many severe civil penalties are still enforced airainst members, and espe- cially converts of the P.oniaii Church. The whole number does not probably exreed if.u.odu.