"2. Turkey. — The I'lnicd Armenians have an archbishop at Constantiiioi)le : the Latins, .-e\ri;d liish(>ps and vicars apostolic: lh(! distinet missions aie tli< m' of the Francis- cans in Moldavia, Jesuits in Her/..-. .vine, and Lazarists at Couslantiuoi)lo and Salonica— the latter aided iu their labors by the Sisters of Charitj-. The whole number of Latin Christians is estimated at 613,000, and is constantly on the increase.
"3. Oieece.— In this kingdom there are constant acces- sions to the Latin and Uiiiied (ireek ehiirches, especially at Athens, PiriPus, Patras, Nauplia, Navariuo. and Hera- clia. There are in this kinL;doni and the Ionian rejjublic thiurishiiur missions of the Capncliins and .lesuits.
'•■/;. Asi.v. — 1. Tiirlo'ii ill vl.v/<(. — Tlie Franeiseans have had ndssions in the Holy Land since the crusades, which, more or less active at times, are now pushed with energy. The Jesuits have since their orit:in had missions among the Eastern Christians, won inanv back to Home, estab- lished schools, aiul laised the s'landard of clerical in- struction. A( Aiiiinrli there arc Maronite, United Greek, and Syriin ; ! i ' ' -, .-nid elsewhere an Ainu-nian and aChaldic.; I ill in communion with Home; and
the nuinlic . i i n -, : iii> who acknowledixe the supremacy ofPiusiXi^: .ila.ndlion. - -
"2. J'eittiii. ^in this country there is a mission directed by the La/arists and protected by France, as well as a United Armenian t'iiurch «ell established and tolerated.
":i. liidiit. — 'I'tie Hindu mission dates back to the con- quest of (oia by the I'oitu^'uese in l.M(t, and was at first conducted by the Franciscans. Dominicans, and zealous secular luiests. Its proi:ress was. however, slow, till the arrival of Francis Xavier in V,A-1. By his labors, and those of other fathers <if the Society of Jesus, numbers weie converted on the Fishery Coast, the islands of Ma- nar and Ceylon, and Travaucore, while the former mis- sionaries renewed their efl'orts in other parts, and gained to Kome all the Chaldaic Christians who had fallen into Nestori.inism. The Jesuit mission is, however, the most celebrated, aud, after Xavier, owed its cliicf progress to
MISSIONS
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MISSIONS
Robert cle Nobili, nephew to pope Marcellns II, who orig- inated the plan of having niissioiiaries for each caste, adnptin<x the life of each, lie himself became a Brahmiii- sama-si. 'I'hc l)lessed John de Brito converted the Mara- vas; AqiKiviva, at Delhi, won Akbar to the Christian re- li^iiin ; and (i^cs traversed Thibet aud Tartary to Pekin. These missions were affected by the overthrow of the rortugnese and French power in India, by the persecu- tion of the Danes, by the disputes as to the Malabar rites, by the suppression of the Jesuits, aud by the troubles of the French Kevolutiou. A large number of converts had, liowever, been made, and their descendants remained faithful. During the Dutch rule in Ceylon, Catholicity was maintained there by the labors of the Portuguese Oratorians. All Hindustan is now divided into vicariates apostolic for European and native Chtistians, the most extensive Ilinda missions Ijeing those of :\lailura, ron- ducted by the Jesuits: of ilysov.-, conducted l>y llic pric-ts of the Foreign Missi(nis ; and of ("I'vlon. l>y ihe ],i ie-t- ,<( the Oratory— all of which aie lapidl)- L^ainii).' the LTomul lost in darker days. Hin(hi--tau contains l.'. vir.n i.iie.--, li; bishops, a large number of priests, including 6;.hi native clergymen, aud nearly 4,000,000 of Latiu and Chaldee Chri>tians. Ceylon contains 2 vicariates, 3 bishops, aud 150,000 Catholics.
"4. F((rtli('r rndid.— The Toiiquin mission was founded by the Jesuit Alexander KhoiUs, who labored in that field fi-oni about li;j4 to KUs, and -athered a Church of 60,000 Christians. Driven at last from the couutry, he originated at Paris the Seminary of the l-'oreiuii .Mis-ions, lonndcd in 1633, aud induced the Holy s,r to appoint l>iMioi,s to Tonquin. Since then the inie-t-^ of the I'oici-ii :\lis.-ions have had the chief direction of the nli^sion in An nam and the neighboring province of Su-Tehnen. in chitta. The Jesuits also continued their mission, and l>y the hiliors of both many native clefgy were formed. 'I'he Coeliin China missiini was founded alioiit tin' same tiim' bv F. loK-i, and pas.-ed also to the Foivi-n Mi"ion<. l;oih ehiiivhes have undergone terrible prrMM-ni ion-, even of late years, under the emperor .Minh-.Menh. luii ha\o -teadiiy in- creased. Tonquin contaius 6 vieaiiates apo-tolir,' L;o^-- erned by 12 bishops. One of these vhariates in l-^4T con- tained 10 European and i)l native i.iie,-ts, -jnii eaterhi-t-, aud about 200,000 Christians. Anoiher, -J l.i>ln>p-, :; Kn- ropean and 43 native i)riestB, 60 caiechists, and TO,0(iO Christians. Cochin China contaius 3 vicariates apostolic, all directed by clergy of the Seminary of the Foreign Mis- sions and native priests.
" Siaui, Laos, and Cavibodia. — These missions are also directed by the priests of the Foreign Missions aud native clergymen. They have been subjected to repeated i^erse- cutiins, i)ut are now at peace. Ava, Peirn, aird Malacca are vicariates, with 2 bishops andaliottt la. (inn ('atlndics.
"5. China. — The Chinese missiiai was alietn|iteil in tlie 13th ceutury by John de iMontecorvino, who I'ouiuled ;t metropolitan see at Pekin, which siilisisted for over a century. Xavier attempted to restore it in V&i. but died near Canton. After several other attemjits, the Jesuits Ruggieri and Pa/.io founded a mission, which, under the great Matthew Ricci (15S4-1610), obtained a permanent footing in the empire. The early Jesuits adopted the dress of literati, aud thus secured the esteem of the em- perors, aud would probably have gained them to Christ but for the Tartar invasion. After that change persecu- tions began, and as differences arose between the Jesuits on the cue side, aud the Dominicans in Fokieu aud the priests of Foreign ^Missions in Suchuen on the other, as to tli€ use of certain ceremonies, these dissensions foriu- ed a pretext for very severe edicts. For many years the blood of the Chinese Christians and their missionaries flowed in torrents. At preseut the Church enjoys ])ea'M', although the insurgents are decidedly hostiU^'to" th,' ciij. uese Catholics, and treat them with unat >('\.rii\. Among the celebrated Chinese missionaries mav Tie named Ricci, Scliall, ami \'crl)ie.-t, mathematicians; ]\Ia- rin, an Amerieati, who attemptt'il a mission in 1556; Lo- pez, a native i hiiu-e priest and bishop : Denis de la Cruz, another Cliinese, who died at Cai ilia-ima, in South Amer- ica; Navarretle, Amiot, Sanz. I'erbovre. a r.M-cnt martvr. The suppression of the Je-ii;;- atid the French Itcvolu- tiou seriously affected these n.is-ionsbv ( uttiiii; oft' a sup- ply of learned aud adventurous mi,-sionaries. Since the restoration of peace in Europe, aud especiallv since the establishment of the Society for the Propagatiou of the Faith, the mission has recovered much of its former ex- tent. At the present time China C(nitain-^ i:. -ees or vi- cariates, 16 bishops, S4 European and l:;r, native priests, mauy convents and houses of relijiou- wonnni, and a population of 400,000 Catholics. Tin- jivat ina.-s of the old Jesuit missions are directed by the I'lenrh Fa/.arists; the missions in Suchuen, Yunnan", Quavch..o, and I^'ao- toug, by the priests of the Forei-n Missions; tln)se in Chausi, Chensi, and llonquaug, by Italian Franciscaus ; those in Fokieu by Spanish Dominicans; and those in Chautoug and Kiaugnau by French Jesuits, who have recently returned.