in France),!, 164-212 ; Sir J. Stephen, Led. Hist. France (3d ed. Lond. 1857, 2 vols. 8vo), vol. ii, lects. xvi and xvii; Student's Hist, of France, p. 311, 316, 319, 324, 337; Jervis, Hist, of the Church of France (Lond. 1872, 2 vols. 8vo), vol. i, ch. ii ; Fisher, 'Hist, of the Ref. p. 258 sq. ; and the works referred to in the article Hugue- nots. (J.H.W.)
2. Henri, second Due de Montmorency, grandson of the famous constable de jMontmorency, but more hon- orable and consistent in his conduct, though he also warred against the Huguenots, was born at Chantilly April 30, 1595. His godfather was the great Henri Quatre, who always called him his " son." Louis XIII made him admiral when he was but a youth of seven- teen. He succeeded his father in the governorship of Languedoc, and took an active part in the wars against the Huguenots, distinguishing himself on the royal side in the sieges of Montauban and jMontpellier, and in 1625 by taking the Isle of Re from the Huguenots of Rochelle. He afterwards gained other victories over them, and in 1629 was mainly instrumental in bringing about the peace of Alais, which terminated the religious civil wars in France. In 1630 he received the chief command of the French troops in Piedmont, where he defeated the Spaniards, for which he received a marshal's baton. Unfortunately for himself, he ventured to oppose Riche- lieu, who had always been his enemy, and espoused the cause of Gaston, duke of Orleans ; for this he was de- clared guilty of high-treason, and marshal Schomberg being sent against him, defeated him at Castelnaudary, and took him prisoner. Although almost mortally wounded, Montmorency was carried to Toulouse, sen- tenced to death by the Parliament, and notwithstanding his expressions of penitence, and the most powerful inter- cession made for him — for example, by king Charles I of Euf^land, the pope, the Venetian republic, and the duke of Savoy— was beheaded, Oct. 30, 1632. He was dis- tinguished for amiability and courtesy of manners, as well as for his valor. His life was written by one of his officers (1663, 4to). See also the works cited above. (J.H.W.)
Montolivetenses, a name given to the monks of iVIount Olivet, because living in a residence so called. The jVIontolivetenses dress in white serge, and profess the rule of St. Benedict. They sprang up in the 14th century, were approved by pope John XXI, and eon- firmed by Gregory XI in 1371. They trace their origin to St. Bernard Ptolomei of Sienna, and their first monas- tery was at Ancona ; but the order soon spread through Italy and Sicily. See Monks, Eastern.
Montor.soli, Fra Giovann' Angelo, a celebrated Italian sculptor, largely engaged on sacred and ecclesi- astical subjects, was born about the beginning of the 16th century at Montorsoli, near Florence. His first in- struction in art he received from Andrea de Fiesole, with whom he lived three years. He then found em- ployment at Rome, at Perugia, and at Volterra. He was next employed by Michael Angelo on the church of San Lorenzo at Florence, and gained the admiration and lasting friendship of the great Florentine. In 1527 Montorsoli had a strong disposition to turn, as it ap- peared to him, to the only life in which peace was to be obtained ; but after trying in vain several convents, he fixed in 1530 upon the brotherhood of the Nunziata at Florence, and became a friar of the Order Dei Servi della Nunziata. Shortly after he had taken up his abode in this convent, having been recommended to the pope by IMichael Angelo, he was called to Rome by Clement VII to restore se\-eral ancient monuments, much to the dis- satisfaction of his brothers of the Nunziata. When the tasks assigned him by the pope were finished, he re- turned to Florence with Michael Angelo to complete the statues and other sculptures of the sacristy and library of San Lorenzo. After the death of Clement, Montor- soli again joined Michael Angelo at Rome, and assisted him in the works of the monument of Julius II ; but
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while engaged on this work he was invited by cardinal ] Turnone, and advised by Michael Angelo to go with i the cardinal to Paris. Owing, however, to ditiiculties with the treasury and servants of the French court, Mon- ' torsoli left Paris and returned to Florence. After com- pleting tliere several works, he went by Konae to Naples, and there constructed the tomb of Jacopo Sanazzaro. He next went to Genoa, and ornamented the church of San Matteo there, besides many other works, and upon their com|)letion returned to Michael Angelo at Kome; but departed again soon afterwards, in 1547, for Mes- sina, wliere he was emi>loyed to make a grand fountain for the i)lace in front of the cathedral, and designed the church of San Lorenzo, etc. In 1657, by a decree of pojie I'aul IV, all religious persons, or all who had taken lioly orders and were living at large in the world without respect to their religious character, were ordered to return to their convents and reassume their religious habits; and Montorsoli was accordingly obliged to leave many works unfinished, which he intrusted to his pupil Martino, and he returned to his convent at Florence. He was, however, shortly afterwards called to Bologna to construct there the high altar of the church of liis own order, Dei Servi, which he completed with great magnificence in twenty-eight months. He returned to Florence in 15G1, and being rich he built a common sepulchre for artists in the chapter-house of the convent of the Nunziata, with the requisite endowment for reg- ular masses at appointed times, and gave the whole sep- ulchre, chapter, and chapel to the then almost decayed society of St. Luke, or company of painters, etc., which, upon the completion of the sepulchre, was at a solemn feast celebrated by forty-eight of the principal artists of Florence, re-established by the consent and authority of the duke Cosmo 1 upon a firmer and permanent basis; and the society still subsists as the Academy of Flor- ence, though since that time it has been considerably enriched and endowed by successive dukes of Tuscany. Montorsoli died, says Vasari, on the last day of August, 1563. See Cicognara, Storia della Scultura; A''alery, Voyages historiques et litteraires en Italic; Spooner, Biographical Hist, of the Fine Arts, s. v.; English Cy- clop, s. V.