MULIER-SUBINTRODUCTA V25
MULLER
Representations of Mules on the Monuments.
Fig. 1. Efcyptian Mules (paintins; from Thebes in British Museum). Fig. 2. Assyrian Mule carrying Nets, etc. (Sculpture in British Museum).
Mules are represented on some of the ancient Assyr- ian bass-reliefs ; thej' are seen in procession, belonging to a captured people (Layard's Nineveh, ii, 323, 32-i). They were also ridden in battle and by kings (ibid. 2d ser. p. 44G, 449). There are various breeds of mules in Syria. Some very beautiful animals are produced from high-blood Arab mares, but they are few in number, and can only be possessed by the wealthy. Burckhardt states that the breed of the Baalbek mules is highly es- teemed, and that he had seen some which were worth from thirty to live -and -thirty pounds {Trav. i, 57). The more ordinary sort of mules, which are capable of carrying heavy loads, are employed in the caravans; and they are of great service for the mill and water- wheels. The domestic trade with the maritime towns and the mountains is not only carried on chiefly by mule caravans, but they are sent even to Erzerum, Con- stantinople, and other remote towns (Eussell, Alepjjo, ii, 50 sq.). In these caravans the male travellers are mounted on mules lightly laden, generally the mere personal luggage of the rider. Persons of rank travel in a kind of litter, carried by two mules. Within the towns, and in short excursions, asses are generalh^ pre- ferred, and the mules bear the luggage. In modern times the breeding of mules in Southern Europe and Western Asia has been greatly increased. Those of Persia are described as of large size, and of amazing strength and power of endurance. T'hey will travel the ston}- and steep roads over rocky mountains, day after day, at the rate of from twentj'-tive to fifty miles per diem, loaded with a weight of 300 pounds. They require more food than the horse. The muleteers never remove the pack-saddles from their backs, except when cleaning or currying them. If the men find that the back has been galled, they take away some of the stuff- ing from the pack-saddle, where it presses on the sore part, and then put the saddle on again, experience hav- ing taught them that such sores, unless healed under the sadiUe, are apt to break out again. See Ugolino, De re rustica Hehr., in his Thesaur. xxix, pt. iv, 10 : Bochart, //leroz. i, 209 sq. ; Robinson, .ResearcAes, passim. See Ass.
Mulier-Subintroducta (y^w) avvnaaKTOi;') is a term which was used by the great Nicene Synod in a eense synonymous to the " foemina extraiiea," and near-
ly to the " focaria" and " concubina" of later times, as well as to the " agapeta" and " dilecta" of earlier date, and is by Protestants held to be simply an expression of the council against the improper female companion- ship of unmarried priests, Koman Catholics, however, interpret it to carry the desire for the separation from all female companionship, even the wife. See Lea, Historical Sketch of Sacerdotal Celibacy in the Christian Church, p. 51-53. See also Celibacy.
Mullah (a title merely ; sec Mollah) Firuz ben- Kawus, a modern Persian ecclesiastic, noted as a poet, was born at Bombay in 1759. When only a youth he accompanied his father to Persia, and became acquaint- ed with the rich poetical literature of that country. He then conceived the idea of composing an epic poem like Ferdnsi's Chah-Navieh, taking, however, his subject from modern history. He called it George-Nameh. It treats of the conquest of the East Indies by the English, and elevates poor George III to the character of a hero. Containing 110,000 verses, it was to extend to the battle of Punah (181G), but the author died in his native city in 1831 before he had completed it. His nephew. Mul- lah Rustem ben-Kaikobad, published (Bombay, 1837, 4to) a part of the first volume, with a prospectus of the whole work. The poem has since appeared complete at Calcutta (1839, 3 vols. 4to). But these poetical la- bors did not only not interfere with the performance of Firuz's duties as high-priest of the Parsees, but he also devoted himself to ecclesiastical studies, and published an edition of the Desatir, or sacred writings of the an- cient Persian prophets in the original tongue, etc., to- gether with an English translation of the Desatir, and a commentary by M. Erskine (Bombay, 1818, 2 vols. 8vo). He published two essays in response to Hachem of Is- pahan, to prove that the Persian intercalar aara dates not from Zoroaster, but is of more modern origin. They were both printed at Bombay, one in 1828 (1 vol. fol.), the other in 1832 (4to). All his books and manuscripts Mullah Firuz bequeathed to the grand library of the Parsees. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.
Mullens, William, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, was born in Virginia in 1804. He removed with his parents to Bedford County, Tenn., when a youth, and settled on Duck River. He joined the Church in 1820, and was licensed to preach shortly afterwards. In 1822 he joined the Tennessee Confer- ence, and labored two years in West Tennessee. He afterwards travelled Bigbee, Duck River, Bedford, Dick- son, Chapel Hill, and Lynnville circuits. His health failing him, he located for a while ; but he had no sooner re-entered the work than his health gave way the sec- ond time, and he was granted a superiuimerary relation, in which he continued until his death, March 18, 1870. " By nature he was a nobleman, and ever preserved his integrity of character. His sympathies were always with the afflicted, and his liberality in relieving the suf- ferings of others was proverbial." — Minutes of Confer- ences of the M. E. Church, South, 1870.