Papillon dii Rivet, Nicolas-Gabriel, a French Jesuit, was born in Paris January 19, 1717. He early entered the Society of Jesus, and gained a reputation bj' his eloquence in most of the pulpits of the capital. He retired to Touniay after the suppression of his order, and died there in 1782. The Latin poems of which he is the author are Templum assentationis (1742, 12mo) and Mundus j)hysicus, effigies mundi mo- ralis (1742, 12mo), in which he pretends to find in morals the image of Descartes's vortices. Among his French poems, we select the Epitaph" de Voltaire and the Ejntre au Comte de Falkenstein. His sermons, of a correct and pure style, have been printed in Tournay (1770, 4 vols. 12mo), and a selection from his (Euvres was given in vol. lix of the Orateurs sacres by the abbe Migne (1856). Papillon had intrusted to fa- ther Veron two MS. volumes containing some fugitive pieces, which are entireb' lost. One peculiarity wor- thy of remark in the life of Papillon is, that his con- stitution was so delicate that for thirty years he lived only upon a little milk and white bread. See Feller, LHct. Hist. s. v. ; Querard, La France Litter, s. v. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, xxxix, 162.
Papiu, Isaac, a noted divine who flourished first in the Protestant, but later in the Roman Catholic Church, was born at Blois, France, March 24, 1657. He was a student for a while at Geneva, and later at Saumur. At the former school the professors were then divided into two parties upon the subject of grace, called " Particularists" and "Universalists," of which the former were the most numerous and the most powerful. The Universalists desired simply tol- eration ; and M. Claude wrote a letter to M. Turre- tin, the chief of the predominant party, exhorting him earnesth' to grant that favor. But Turretin gave lit- tle heed to it, and M. de Maratiz, professor at Gron- ingen, who had disputed the point warmly against M. Daille, opposed it zealously; and supported his opinion by the authoritj- of those sj'nods who had determined for intolerancy. There was also a dispute upon the same subject at Saumur, where ^I. Pajon, who was Papin's uncle, and was then one of the pro- fessors of theolog)', admitted tlie doctrine of efficacious grace, but explained it in a different manner from the Reformed in general, and Jurieu in particular; and though the sj-nod of Anjou, in 1667, after many long debates upon the matter, had dismissed Pajon, with leave to continue his lectures, yet his interest there was none of the strongest ; so that his nephew, who was a student in that university in 1683, was
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pressed to condemn the doctrine, which was branded with tlie appellation of Pajonism (q. v.). Papin de- clared that his conscience would not allow him to subscribe to the condemnation of either party ; where- upon the university refused to give him the usual tes- timonial. All these disagreeable incidents estranged him not only from the author of them, but also from his Church, and brought him to take a favorable view of the Roman Catholic religion. In this disposition he wrote a treatise, entitled Z'/te Faith reduced to its just Bounds; wherein he maintained that, as the Papists professed that they embraced the doctrine of the Holy Scriptures, they ought to be tolerated by the most zealous Protestants. He also wrote several letters to the Reformed of Bordeaux, to persuade them that they might be saved in the Romish Church, to which they were reconciled. This work, as might be expected, drew upon him the intense displeasure of the Protestants, and in 1G8G he crossed the water to Eng- land, where James II was then endeavoring to re- establish popery. Papin was granted deacon's and priest's orders from the hands of Turner, bishop of Ely. In 1687 Papin published a book against Jurieu. This exasperated that minister so much that, when he knew Papin was attempting to obtain some emploj-- ment as a professor in Germany, he despatched letters everywhere in order to defeat Papin's applications ; and, though the Litter procured a preacher's place at Hamburg, Jurieu found means to get him dismissed in a few months. About this time his Faith i-educed to its just Bounds coming into the hands of Bayle, that writer added some pages to it, and printed it : but the piece was ascribed by Jurieu to Papin, who did not disavow the principal maxims laid down in it, which were con- demned in a synod. Meanwhile, an offer being made him of a professor's chair in the church of the French refugees at Dantzic, he accepted it : but after some time, it being proposed to him to conform to the synod- ical decrees of the Walloon churclies in the United Provinces, and to subscribe them, he refused to com- ply ; because there were some opinions asserted in those decrees which he could not assent to, particularly that doctrine which maintained that Christ died only for the elect. Those who had invited him to Dantzic were highly offended at his refusal ; and he was or- dered to depart as soon as he had completed the half year of his preaching which had heen contracted for. This occurred in 1G80. Not long after. he embraced the Roman Catholic religion, putting his abjuration into the hands of Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, Nov. 15, 1G90. Upon this change Jurieu wrote a pasto- ral letter to those of the Reformed religion at Paris, Orleans, and Blois, in which he asserts that Papin had always looked indifferently upon all religions, and in that spirit had returnsd to the Roman Church. In answer to this letter, Papin drew up a treatise, Of the To'eration of the, Protestants, and of the Authority of the Church (printed in 1G92). He afterwards changed its title, which was a little equivocal, and made some additions to it •, but while he was em- ployed in making collections to complete it farther, and finish other hooks upon the same subject, he died at Paris, June lt>, 1709. His widow, who also em- braced the Roman Catholic religion, communicated thes3 papers, which were made use of in a new edition printed at large in 1719 (12mo). M. Pajon, of the Oratory, his relative, published all his Theological works (1723, in 3 vols. 12mo). They contain, besides his biograph}-, Essais de theologie sur la providence et sur la grace ; Lafoi reduite a ses veritubles principes et rcnformee dans sesjustes homes; La tolerance dcs Proles- tans, afterwards under the title of Les deux voyes oppo- sees en matiere de religinn. They are all very solidl}' written. Among other things Papin declares that, if the authority of a synod, as that of Dort (q. v.), has to be acknowledged, the same authority must be ac- corded to that of Trent (q. v.) also. See Hagcnbach,