bishops by no means corroborated. This was not strict- Ij' speaking an ecclesiastical council, but a national as- semblj'; two others of the same kind were held in the following year, upon the subject of the differences be- tween the king and the pope. In September, in that year, the latter drew up a bull excommunicating Phil- ip, but on the eve of the ver^' day on which he had in- tended to publish it he was seized by William de No- garet, tlie French general, and though released from confinement almost immediately, he never recovered the mortification and sorrow which this blow inflicted on him, and on Oct. 11, 1303, he died at Rome. See Labbe, Cone, xi, 1474.
21. In 1310 Philip de Marigni, archbishop of Sens, ' convened a S3'nod at Paris to deliberate upon the case of the Templars; after mature consideration, it was decided that some should be merely discliarged from their engagement to the order, that others should be sent freel}' awaj', after having accomplished the course of penance prescribed ; that others should be strictly shut up in prison, many being confined for life ; and, lastlj', that some, as, for instance, the relapsed, should be given over to the secular arm, af- ter having been degraded bj' the bishop if in holy or- ders. All this was accordingly done, and fift}' Tem- plars were burned in the fields near the abbej- of St. Anton)', not one of whom confessed the crimes im- puted to them, but on the contrary to the last they maintained the injustice of their sentence. See Labbe, Cone, xi, 1335.
22. A council was held March 3, 1323; William de Melum, archbishop of Sens, presided. A statute of four articles or canons was published, whicli was al- most word for word identical with that drawn up in the Council of Sens, .\.D. 1320, under the same prelate.
Canon 1. Dh-ects that the people shall fast on the eve of the holy sacrament.
2. Directs that an interdict shall be laid upon any place ill which a clerk is detained by a secular jnclge.
4. Of the life, conversation, and dress of clerks.
See Labbe, Cone, xi, 1711.
23. On March 6, 134G, a council was held, presided over by the same archbishop, assisted by five bishops. Thirteen canons were published.
1. Complains of the treatment of" the clergy by the secu- lar judges, and sets fi)rth that the former were continual- ly imprisoned, put to the tortuie, and even to death.
10. Directs that beneliced clerks shall employ a part of their revenue in keeping in order and repairing their church and parsonage.
13. Conlirms the bull of John XXII, given May 7, 1327, by which the indulgence of the Angelas is given to those who iei)eat it three times at night.
See Labbe, Cone, xi, 1908.
24. A national council was held at Paris in 1395, at which the Latin patriarchs of Alexandria and Jerusa- lem were present, together with seven archbishops, forty-six bishops, and a large number of abbots, deans, and doctors in theology. The object of the council, convoked by Charles VI, was to consider the best method of putting an end to the schism caused bj'^ the rival popes Benedict XIII and Clement VII. The Eastern patriarch, Simon of Alexandria, was unani- mously elected to preside. The conclusion amved at (Feb. 2) by the m.ajority, was that the best means of securing the peace of the Church would be for both claimants to resign their pretensions. The king's un- cles, the dukes of Berri and Burgundj', were in conse- quence sent as ambassadors to Rome to Benedict. See Labbe, Cone, xi, 2511, Appendix.
25. Another national council was held May 22, 1398 ; convoked by the same prince. Tiiere were present, l)esides tlie regular Alexandrian patriarch Simon, the Latin patriarch of Alexandria, eleven archbishops, sixty bishops, and an immense number of abbots, dep- uties of universities, and others of the clergy. Simon Cramand opened the council. In the second session, held in July, it was agreel that the best way of bring- ing Benedict to reason was to deprive him not onl}- of
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the power of collating to benefices, but of the entire exercise of liis authority. For this purpose the kinfj; published, July 27, his letters patent, entirely suspend- ing the pope's authority in the kingdom : this edict was published at Avignon, where Benedict then was, in Septenilier. This suspension lasted until May 30, 1403, when the king revoked it, and promised, in bis own name and that of his realm, true obedience to Benedict XIII. See »S'/j/«7. vi, 157.
2t). A national council, composed of clergy from all parts of France, was held in 14UG, to take measures for terminating the schism. The council resolved to de- mand tiie convocation of a general council, and to with- draw from the oljedience of Benedict XIII. The with- drawal was carried into effect on August 7, and the pope was forbidden to take any money out of the coun- try. In the following session, held at St. Martin's, cer- tain theologians and canonists discussed the question, some speaking in favor of Benedict, and others against him; and in the last session, Dec. 20, the king's advo- cate declared his adhesion to the demand of the univer- sity for a general council, and an entire withdrawal from the obedience of Benedict ; upon a division both tliese points were carried. After this, both Benedict XIII and (Gregory XII severally promised to renounce the pontifi- cate fur the sake of peace, neither of them, however, really purposing to do so; and in 140)^, Gregory having create(l four cardinals, in spite of the opposition of those then existing, the latter withdrew from his obedience, appealing to a general council and to bis successor. In answer to this appeal, Benedict published a bull ex- communicating all persons whatsoever, even kings and princes, who refused to resort to conference as the means of restoring peace to the Church, etc. This bull was condemned at Paris, and torn up as inimical to the king's majesty. Pedro of Luna was declared to be schismatical, obstinate, and heretical, and every person forbidden to style him anj- longer either Benedict, pope, or cardinal, or to obey him, etc.