4. Forbids them to dance in the cloisters, or anywhere else ; and declares that it is better to dig or plough on Sunday than to dance.
5. Directs that abbesses who fail in their duty shall be suspended; and, if they do not amend, shall be deposed.
9. Directs that abbots, priors, and other superiors who ofleud iu the same manner shall be jiunished.
n. Directs that they who lead an irregular life shall be deposed.
17. Forbids abbots and priors to threaten or maltreat any who may propose a measure to the chapter for the rel"ormation of the house or of its head.
I'art IV relates to the duty of bishops and archbishops.
1. Directs them to keep their hair cut round, so as never to i)roject beyond the mitre; and gives other directions for their proper conversation.
2. Forbids them to hear matins in bed, and to occupy themselves with worldly business and conversation while the holy office is being said.
4. Forbids them to hunt, etc., to wear precious furs, and to play with dice.
5. Directs that they shall cause some good hof>k to be read at the beginning and end of their repasts.
G. Enjoins hospitality aud charity.
15. Forbids them to permit duels, or hQld courts of jus- tice in cemeteries or holy places.
l(i. Enjoins the abolition of the Festival of Fools, cele- brated every 1st of January.
17. Directs that a synod be held every year. Orders also confirmation, and the correction of disorders iu the di<iceses.
IS. Directs that they shall not permit women to dance in cemeteries or in holy places, uor work to be done ou Sundays.
See Labbe, Cone, xi, 57.
16. Jan. 28, 1226, another Parisian synod was con- vened by a papal legate to consider the affairs of England and of tiie Albigenses. In consequence of the decision, Louis VIII ceased from his pretensions against England, and turned bis arms against the Al- bigenses. The legate, in the pope's name, excom- municated Raymond, coimt of Toulouse, with his ac- complices, and confirmed to the king and his heirs forever the right to the lands of the said count, as being a condemned heretic. Amauri, count de Mont- fort, and Guy, his uncle, ceded to the king whatever rights they possessed over the lands in question. On March 20, same year, the king, Louis VIII, convoked
PARIS, COUNCILS OF
675
PARIS, COUNCILS OF
another council upon the subject of the Albigenses.— Kaynald, i, 55-1 (note). See Labbo, Cone, xi, 300.
11. A synod was convened in Paris in 1255, by Henry, archbishop of Sens, and five other archbish- ops, on occasion of tlie murder of a chanter of the cathedral church of Cliartres. In this council the head of the order of preaching friars complained of certain things said and preached by some seculars, doctors in tlieology, to the prejudice of his order. William de S. Amour and Laurent, both doctors-re- gent in tlieology at Paris, being examined upon the subject by the prelates, denied the justice of the charge. Subsequently S. Amour wrote a book, en- titled The Perils of the Last Days, in which lie at- tacked the preaching friars without mercy. At last the dispute between the latter and the University of Paris became so warm tliat St. Louis was 'obliged to send to Rome to appease it. The pope, however, sided entirely with the friars. See Labbe, Cone, xi, 738.
18. A council was held March 21, 1260, by order of St. Louis, to implore the aid of heaven against the conquests of the Tartars. It was ordered that pro- cessions should be made, blasphemy punished, luxury in dress and at table repressed, tournaments prohibit- ed for two j'ears, and all sports whatever put a stop to, except practice with the bow and cross-bovv. In the following j'ear, in another council, all these acts were renewed. See Labbe, Cone, xi, 793.
19. A synod was held in December, 1281, composed of four archbishops and twenty bishops. Much com- plaint was made of the conduct of the mendicant or- der, who persisted in preaching and hearing confession in spite of the bishops, upon pretext of having the pope's privilege for doing so. A bull by Martin IV, bearing date Jan. 10, 1280, was, however, produced, which confirmed the claim of the Franciscan friars; but, nevertheless, with this clause, that those persons who chose to confess to tlie friars should be bound to confess also once a year, at the least, to their own priest, according to the order of tlic Council of Later- an ; and that the friars should sedulously exhort them to do so. See Doboulay, iii, 405.
20. In 1302, April 10, a council convened at Paris to consider how to heal the difference between the king, Philip the Fair, and the pops, Bonifacius VIII. The former in the preceding j'ear had thrown into prison Bernard de Saisset, bishop of Pamicrs ; upon which the pope wrote to Philip complaining of the act, ac- companj'ing the letter witli tlio liull Ausculta Fili, in which he plainly bids him not deceive himself by thinking that he had no superior, and that he was in- dependent of the head of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Philip asssmbled his barons with the prelates at Notre Dame, and laid before them his ground of complaint against the pope and his bull, which he caused to be read. Thereupon the barons addressed a letter to the cardinals, in which, in vcr}' strong language, they complained of the pope's conduct in pretending to con- sider the king as his subject, and that he held his tem- poral authority' of him. The prelates were more back- ward in delivering their opinion, and endeavored to excuse the pope, and to maintain peace. This, how- ever, was not suffered, and they were clearly informed tliat if anj-^ one of tiiem presumed to hold a contrary opinion to that of Philip and his lords, he would be looked upon as the enemy of the sovereign and king- dom. Tiiey then addressed to the pope a letter con- ceived in a much milder strain than tliat of the barons, in which they ini|)lorcd him to be cautious, and to pre- serve the ancient union between tlie Churcli and State ; and, moreover, to revoke the mandamus b^' which he had cited them to appear at Rome. Tiic answer of the cardinals to the barons was to the effect that the po|)c had not absolutely declared that tin- king ought to acknowledge that he held the temporality of him, a statement which the pope himself in his answer to the