Parentino, Bernardo, called also Fra Lorenzo, an Italian painter, was born at Parenzo, in Istria, in 1437. He was a pupil of Andrea Mantegna. Lanzi says that he approached so near to Mantegna that his worlvs might easily be mistaken for those of that master. In the cloister of Santa Giustina, at Padua, are ten Acts from the Life of St. Benedetto, with several little liistories in chiaro-oscuro, which are highly commended liy Lanzi. Parentino became a monk of the Order of the Augus- tines at Vicenza, where he died in 1531. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of the Fine Arts, ii, 653.
Parens. See Par.eus.
Parez. See Rimmon-parez.
Paria is the name given to the lowest class of the population of India — to that class which, not belonging to any of the castes of the Brahminical system, is shunned even by the lowest Hindu professing the Brahminical religion, as touching a Paria would render him impure. The Paria seem to belong to a negro race, as appears from their short woolly hair, fiat nose, and thick lips ; the}' arc, besides, of short stature, and tlieir propensities are of the coarsest kind. Despised by the Hindus, and ill-used by the conquerors of India, they have, in some parts of India, gradually sunk so low that, to judge from the description which is given of their mode of living by different writers, it is scarcely possible to imagine a more degraded position than that which is occupied by these miserable beings. — Chambens, s. v. See Caste.
Paris, Councils of {Concilium Luteciense, or Pari- sieme). Several such ecclesiastical synods were held at that city. Some of them are more noteworthy than others. We make room here only for those of special import.
PARIS, COUNCILS OF
673
PARIS, COUNCILS OF
1. The first was held in 3G0, according to the most common opinion, under Jidian the Apostate, who was proclaimed emperor at Paris, in jNIay, 3(50. St. Hilary had lately arrived in Gaul from Constantinople, and at his entreaty the heretical formulary of Ariminum (A.D. 359) was rejected. Among the fragments which re- main to us of St. Hilary, we have a synodical letter from the bishops of tliis council to those of the East, in which they return thanks to (.iod for having delivered them from the Arian heresy, and for having enabled them to learn the real sentiments from the Orientals. They then give an open profession and clear exposition of the doctrine of consubstantiality ; they retract all that they had, through ignorance, done at Ariminum, and promise to perform whatever the Orientals re- quired of them, to the extent of deposing and excom- municating all in Gaul who should resist. Further, the bishops declared that those who had consented to sup- press the word ovcria, or substance, both at Ariminum and at Nice in Thrace, had been chiefly induced to do so b}' the false statement made by the Arian party, that the confession of faith which they were called upon to sign had had the sanction of the Oriental bishops, who, as they said, had been the first to introduce the use of this word in the controversy with the Arians, " And we," they added, " received it, and have always pre- served the use of it inviolably ; we have used this word ofioovaiog to express the true and actual generation of the only Son of God. When we say that he is of one and the same substance, it is only to exclude the idea of creation, adoption, etc. We recognise no likeness wor- thy of him but that of true God to true God. . . . We revoke all that we have done ill through ignorance and simplicity, and we excommunicate Auxentius, Ursaces, and Valens, Gajus Megasius and Justin." About this time several other councils were held in Gaul, by means of St. Hilary, upon the same subject. See Labbe, Cone. ii, 821 ; Baronius, p. 302, § 229 ; and Ragi, note 27.
2. Another important council was held at Paris in 557, under king Childebert; the archbishops of Bourges, Kouen, and Bordeaux ;vere present. Ten canons were published. Among these are most important :
1. Against those who detain Chnich property.
4. Against marriages within the degrees prohibited; forbids to marry a brother's widow or wile's sister.
8. Enacts that the election of the bishop shall be left free to the people and clergy ; that no one shall be in- truded into a see by the prince, or contrary to the will of the metropolitan and the provincial bishops.
These canons are subscribed by fifteen bishops, among whom were S. Pretextatus of Kouen, Leo of I3ordeaux, Germanus of Paris, and Euphronius of Tours. See Labbe, Cone, v, 814.
3. The next Parisian council of importance occurred in 573. Thirty-two bishops (six of whom were metro- politans) attended. It was called to terminate a differ- ence between Chilperic and Sigcbert, the two brothers of the king Gontram. Promotus, who bad been unca- nonically consecrated bishop of Chateaudun by Ogidius of Rheims, was deposed, but was not removed, apparent- ly, until the death of Sigebert. Sec Labbe, Cortc. v, 918.
4. In the spring of 577 a council of the Church was convened at Paris by Chilperic ; forty-five bishops were present, who deposed Pretextatus, bishop of Rouen, upon a false accusation of having favored the revolt of Jlerovee, the king's son, and plotted his death. (Although Pre- textatus was innocent of the charge of conspiracy against the king in favor of Merovee [or Merovig], who was his grandson, he had been guilty of marrying the latter to Brunehilde, the widow of his uncle, which was also al- leged against him. Sigebert appears to have used in- timidation to induce the bishops to condemn Pretex- tatus. The place of his banishment was probably Jer- sey.) St. Gregorj- of Tours refused his consent to the act. Pretextatus was banished and Melanius put into his place. See Labbi-, Cone, v, 925.