determination, Paul V issued a brief directing a sen- tence of excommunication against the doge and the senate, and placing the republic under an interdict unless submission should be n.ade witliin twenty-four days. The senate forbade the publici'.tion of the bull ; and as the members of several monastic orders pro- fessed that they could not continue to perform relig- ious worship in a countr}- placed under interdict, they were allowed to quit Venice, and the senate appointed secular priests to perform service in tiieir stead. The people remained perfectly quiet, and the bishops and vicars continued their functions as usual ; but there was, nevertheless, an animated conflict maintained by the pen, in which the celebrated Fra Paolo Sarpi [see Paul, Father'], on the side of the rejjublie, and on the papal side Bellarmine and Baronius, were the leaders. There were three points at issue between the pope and the senate : (1) The senate had made a decree that no new convent or religious congi-egation should be founded without their permission ; (2) that no property or perpetual revenue of anj' kind should be liequeathed to the Church without their approbation ; (.3) tliat cler- ical men accused of crime should be judged bj' the sec- ular power like other citizens. The king of France and the emperor took the part of Venice, tlie court of Spain that of the pope, and Italy was threatened witli a war like that of the Investitures (q. v.). Henrj- IV of France, however, proposed his mediation, and sent to Venice cardinal De Joyeuse, who, after consulting with the senate, proceeded to Rome, where he suc- ceeded in effecting a compromise in 1607, and peace was restored, although dissatisfaction afterwards arose on the subject of the nomination of a patriarch. The decrees of tlie senate were maintained, but the two clerical culprits, in comiiliauce with the wish of the French king, were given up to the pope, "saving the right of the republic to punish all offenders, clerical or lay, within its dominions." Upon this arrangement being made the interdict was removed. A misunder- standing of a similar nature arose between the pope and the crown of France (Louis XIII) as to the ritrht of censorship of books, and as to the r.pproval of tiie disciplinary- decrees of the Council of 'i'rent; but it was removed b}' mutual explanations. See Suarkz. Pope Paul's administration was vigorous and enlight- ened. He reformed many abuses in the tribunals of the Roman court, and did much for the promotion of public works, for the restoration and preservation of antiquities, the improvement of the museums and li- braries, and the embellishment of the city of Rome. He enlarged the Vatican and Quirinal palaces, restored the church of Santa Maria IMaggiorc, constructed or repaired aqueducts, made additions to the Vatican Li- brary, collected statues and other antiquities, and built the handsome villa Mondragone at Frascati. Paul V was also much given to the improvement and provid- ing of charitable and pious institutions. He likewise established the fortune of the Borghese family, which is one of the wealthiest of the Roman families. Paul V died Jan. 28, 1021, and was succeeded bj' Gregorj^ XV. Paul V avoided decisions in all dogmatical controver- sy. Thus he reserved his judgment in the controver- sies on the doctrine of mercy [see Molina ; Quiet- ism], and commanded silence to lotli parties in the controvers}- regarding the immaculate conception. He sainted Loj'ola and Charles Borromeo. See Bzo- vius, Vita Pauli V ; De Montor, Hist, des sow. Pont. Romains; Muratori, Annales d^Italie, ann. 1610 and sq. ; Ranke, Hist, of the Papacy, \, 604 ; Bower, Hist, of the Popes, vol. vii ; Schrockh, Kirchrnrjesch. seit der Ref. iii, 340 sq. ; iv, 305 sq. ; Le Bret, Gesch. ?'. It<dien, iii, 203 sq. ; Riddle, Hist, of the Popes, vol. ii ; Wetzrr u. Welte, Kircheii-Lexikon (Bom. Cath.), viii, 232, 233. (J. II.W.)
Paul, David, a celebrated Polish Unitarian di- vine, flourished near the middle of the 10th centurj'. In 1563 he took part in a discussion against the Lu-
PAUL .
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therans at Weissenburg, and was so persuasive in his arguments that the princes and the chief nobles of the country embraced liis doctrines. There is scarcely anything else known of his history. See Krasinski, Hist, of the Ref. in Poland, i, 35G.