Paulsen, Hermann Christian, a German divine, noted for his researches in Palestine, flourished as pastor at Crempe, and died there in 1780. lie wrote, in Latin, the ecclesiastical history of the Tartars, with a map of Tar- tary according to modern geographers, which was pub- lished as Jlosheim's production, because the latter had furnished the materials and revised the work. Paulsen also wrote Die Regierung des ALorgenlandes (Altona, 1755), and Zuverldssige Nachricht voni Acherhau des Morgenlandes (Helmstiidt, 1748).
Paul (us) VON BEnxRiED, an ecclesiastic of the first half of the r2th century, was canon of the cathedral at Kegeusburg. He was a devoted adherent of the cause of the emperor Henry IV, and a hater of pope Gregory VH. Persecuted by the clergy, he took refuge in the Augustinian convent at Bernried, in Bavaria. In 1128 he went to Rome, and wrote there an apology and a life of Gregory VII (in which are inserted some documents), and a life of St. Ilorcula. a prophetess and contemporary of his.
Paulus BuRGENSis, or HE Santa Maria, a noted Christian convert from Judaism, whose original name was rabbi Solomon Levi, was born about 1352, and flourished at Burgos. LTntil his fortieth year he was a teacher among the Jews, eminent alike for birth and learning. At that age he became acquainted with the writings of Thomas Aquinas, whose treatise De Legi- hns made so deep an impression upon his mind that his national prejudices against Christianity fell to the ground, and he finally embraced Christianity. In the year 1392 he received baptism, together with his four sons, then young children, but who all in after-life in- herited their father's high character and great celeb- rity. His wife was already dead, but his mother and his brothers followed his example, by making public profession of their faith in Christ. lie now devoted himself as assiduously to the study of Christian theol- ogy as he had before done to that of the Jews. He ob- tained the degree of doctor of divinity at Paris, and preached at Avignon, to a very numerous audience, in the presence of I'eter de Luna, afterwards pope Bene- dict XIII, and then one of the candidates for the pa- pacy. Paulus was made archdeacon of Burgos, bishop of Carthagena, and, lastly, bishoii of Burgos, a dignity to which his son succeeded during his father's lifetime. All Spanish historians and chroniclers are unanimous in their ])raises of this descendant of the house of Israel, both as a bishop and statesman, to which latter position (as high chancellor) he was apiiointcd by king Henry III, who even intrusted to him the I'chuation of bis son and successor, .John II. The historians generally style him the excellent — "el varon excellente" — and speak of him as '• a man able to goyern his tongue, and in all ways
well calculated to guide and advise kings." Paulus Burgensis died in the year 1435, on a journey which he made to visit the different churches of his diocese, al- though the bishopric itself had already passed to his son Alphonso. His indefatigable activity as a student and expounder of Scripture is attested by his writings, of which two, in [)articular, deserve our notice : his Ad- ditions to the Post ilia of Nicholas de Lyra (q. v.), and his Scrntinium Script tirariim. The latter is of the later date, although published first, and contains, in the form of a dialogue between Paul and Saul, a refutation of Jewish objections to the Christian faith. The intro- duction, in which the venerable bishop dedicates his work on the wliole Bible to his son Don Alphonso of Carthagena, at that time archdeacon of Compostella, affords us an insight into his character and private feelings. He speaks of his own blindness and incre- duJity, and how he was called from darkness to light, and from the depth of the pit to the open air of heav- en. He gives his son the experience of his past life in order that what he has not seen -with his eyes may yet be engraven on his memorj' as coming from the lips of his father, that in his turn he may tell to those who are younger than himself, and they to their descendants, not to forget the works of the Lord, nor cease from the study of his holy Word. He con- tinued to labor at it in his old age, and had the satis- faction of finishing it a little before his death. It is chiefly intended to bring conviction to his former co- religionists, and for that purpose is filled with striking passages in support of the Christian faith, quoted from rabbinical writers, giving their views of the person, the distinguishing characteristics, and the promised king- dom of Messiah. That the bishop was not only sincere in his convictions, but also in his zeal for the Church and the conversion of his former coreligionists, cannot be denied, but the more remarkable is the malicious manner in which the Jewish historian Griitz speaks of this convert. See Fiirst, Bihl. Jud. i, 137 ; Griitz, Gesck. d. Juden, viii, 84 sq. ; Da Costa, Lsrael and the Gentiles, p. 313-326; Kalkar, Israel u. die Kirche, p. 29 sq. ; Bas- nage. Hist, des Jiiifs, p. 691 (Taylor's English transl.) ; Wolf, Bibl. Ilehr.'Wi, 901 sq. ; Schudt, JUdische Merk- u-Urdigkcilen, iv, 291; Kitto, Cyclop, s. v.; Colomesius, Italia et Ilispan. Orient, p. 231 ; Kayserling, Sephar- dim, p. 61 sq. ; Antonii Bihl. veterum Ilispati. ii, 157 sq. ; Fabricius, Delectus argumentorwn et syllabus scrip- torum, etc., p. 575 sq. (Hamburg, 1752); Schmucker, Hist, of the Modem Jews (Phila."l8G7), p. 167 sq. ; De Castro, Hist, of the Jews in Spain (Engl, transl. by Kir- wan, Loud. 1851), p. 105 sq. ; Pick, in the Krang. Rev. July, 1876, p. 35 sq., and reprinted in the Jewish Intel- ligencer (Lond. Nov. 1876) ; Diestel, Geschichte des A Iten Testaments in der christl. Kirche (Jena, 1869), p. 199, 201; Simon, /fist. Grit. etc. (Rotterdam, 1685), p. 415 sq. ; Delitzsch, Wissenschaft , Kunsi u. Judenthum, p. 128 sc),; Margoliouth, The Hebrews in East Anglia (Lond. 1870), p. 57 sq. (B. P.)