Year. Poymlntion. Paupers relieved.
1863 r>^^,■M^,4 4224
1855 .')l,2r>9 'J948
18G0 .54,n(l2 1521
18(55 (iS.GSi; 1289
1ST3 (about) 78,000 980
Or, in other words, before the new plan was introduced, one in twelve was a pauper, and now one in eighty. The cost has also fallen from about .f 38,000 in 1847 to
about $17,000 in 1873. The average cost of relief in 1855-59 was only some $18,000 per annum. A still greater reduction of cost would have been shown but for the increased prices of provisions and all commodi- ties during the past few years.
We realize that in our review of the subject the wan- dering pauper, or, as he is familiarly called, tramp, has had no consideration. There are everywhere numerous persons so lazy or vicious that they prefer to be supported rather than to labor for their bread ; it is scarcely neces- sary to say that it is not the proper province of either the State or charitable indi\1duals to relieve such drones. The alternative of work or starvation should be forced upon all sucli with unbending persistence. Those who, away from home and friends, need help, we can safe- ly trust to the benevolent intentions of such indi- viduals as we would see placed in charge of the chari- ties of every town in the land. See ^Valker, Science of Wealth, p. 411 sq. ; Greeley, Political Economy, p. 17 sq. ; North Amer. i?ei'. April, 1875, art. iii, where much important literature is quoted. See also Brit. Quarter- hj, Ajiril, 1876, art. vi ; Westminster Review, April, 1874 ; January, 1875. (J.H.W.)
Pausarii, a name given to the priests of Isis (q. v.) at Korae, because in their religious processions they were accustomed to make pauses at certain places, where they engaged in singing hymns and performing other sacred rites.
Pauvy, CoKSELius, a Dutch divine, noted as a writer, was born at Amsterdam in 1739. He studied at Gijttingen, and was afterwards made canon of Xanten, in the duchy of Cleves. He applied himself to litera- ture, and wrote several works in French on the history and physiology of various nations and countries. His Recherches historiques sur les Americains contain some curious information, many sensible reflections, and also many unsupported assertions set forth in a dogmatic tone. Pauw had not visited America, and his object seems to have been to collect all the passages which he could find in other writers, and which could support some preconceived opinion of his concerning the great in- feriority of that part of the world, its productions and its native races. (See Pernety, Dissertation sur I'A merique et les Americains contre les Recherches historiques de M. de Painv, Avhich is found at the end of some editions of Pauw's work.) In his chapter on Paraguay, Pauw shows himself particularly hostile to the Jesuits. His Recherches sur les Grecs, in which he had better guides, is written with greater sobriety of judgment; but even in this work his dogmatic spirit is perceptible. Pauw published also Recherches sur les Ef/i/ptiens et les Chinois. The French Revolution, and the subsetpient invasion of the duchy of Cleves, deprived Pauw of his peace of mind. He became dejected, and burned all liis papers, among others his Recherches sur les Allemands, which is said to have been the most elaborate of his works, but which was never printed. He died at Xanten in 1799.
Pavau, a Hindil deity who is believed to preside over the winds. He was the father of Hanuman, the ape-god.
Pavanne, Jacques, a Christian martyr to the Prot- estant cause, was born in France about the opening of the ICth century. He became an earlv convert to the Reformation doctrines, but in 1524, at Cliristmas, re- canted. After this he lost his peace of mind, and could do nothing but weep and sigh, until he was one day brought before the tribunal of the Sorbonne because he had been to ^Icaux. and had had converse witli the he- retical teachers. This was all that Pavanne desired — another opportunity to confess his true Lord and his cause. '• He felt his mind relieved as soon as the fet- ters were fastened on his limbs, and recovered all his energy in the open confession of Jesus Christ" (D'Au- bigne). The proceedings against him were conducted with all possible despatch, and a very short time had
PAVELS
845
PAVIA
elapsed before a pile was erected in the Place de Greve, on which Pavaiine made a joyful end. See D'Aubigiie, Hist, of the Reformation, iii, 482, 483.
Pavels, Claus, a Norwegian prelate, was born Aug. 1, 17(59, in Yaudeo parish, near Christiansand, in Norway. He graduated with the highest honors at the gymnasium in Christiansand and at the University of Copenhagen. From 1799 to 1805 he preached in Copenliagen, but was then called to Christiania, Nor- way, where he remained until 1817. From 1817 until he died, in 1822, he was bishop of Bergen. lie enjoyed a great reputation as a pulpit orator, and published a number of sermons and religious treatises. He also wrote poetry, and kept a diary, in which he recorded all the more important events of his time. His grandson, C. P. Riis, has published two of his writings; the one, Biskop Claus Pavels A utobioffraphi (Christiania, 18GG); the other, Claus Pavels Da(jbogs Opterjneher (ibitl. 18G4- 67). (R. B. A.)