1. Directs that bishops shall keep about them priests and deacous of known probity to be witnesses of their se- cret acts.
2. Directs that bishops shall celebrate mass not only ou Sundays and holy days, but, when possible, every day ; !\nA that they shall not neglect privately to offer prayers for themselves, their fellow-bishops, kings, all the rulers of God's Church, and for all those who have desired their prayers, but especially for the poor.
3. Orders them to exercise frugality at table, to receive pilgrims and poor aud sick people, and to exhort them and read to them.
4 and 5. Direct that they shall not hunt, hawk, etc., nor mix in worldly pleasures ; bids them read the Holy Scrip- tures, explain them to their clergy, aud preach ou Sundays and holy days.
7. Directs that priests shall examine whether penitents really perform their acts of peuance, give alms lari^ely, etc. ; public offenders to be reconciled by the bishop only.
9. Warns all fathers of families to marry their daughters as soon as they are of age, lest they fall into sin ; and for- bids the marriage blessing to those who marry after for- nication.
14. Orders bishops immediately to re-establish those monasteries in their dioceses which have gone to decay through their negligence.
18. Declares that priests aud deacons (acephali) who are under no episcopal jurisdiction are not to be looked upon as belougiug to the clergy.
21. Forbids usury.
22. Enjoins bishops to watch over those who have the care of orphans, aud to see that they do not injure or op- press them. If such oppressors refuse to listen to their reraonstiauces, they are ordered to call the emperor's at- tention to the case.
23. Orders bishops to arrest clerks and monks who wan- der about the country, agitating useless questions and sowing the seeds of error, and to briug them before the metropolitan.
25. Condemns to a very severe course of penance those who deal in magical arts, who pretend to cause love or hatred by their incantations, and who are suspected of having caused the death of others ; enjoins that they shall not be reconciled except on their death-bed.
See Labbe, Concil. viii, 61.
2. A second council was convened at Pavia in A.D. 876 by Charles the Bald. Seventeen bishops from Tus- cany aud Lombardy attended. The archbishop of Milan presided. Fifteen canons were published. Of these the most noteworthy enactments are:.
1. Orders respect and veneration everywhere for the holy Roman Church, as the head of all churches.
2 and 3. Also relate to the respect, etc., due to the Ro- man see, and to the pope John.
4. Orders respect for the priesthood
hops.
ft. Orders respect for the imperial dignity. The three following relate to the duties of bis
The acts of this council were confirmed in that of Pon- tyon, held in the same year. In this council an ancient document was produced, said to have been given to the archbishop of Jlilan by (Jregory the (ireat, or Charle- magne, by which they claimed for themsolves the right of electing tlie king of Italy fourteen days aftOr the death of the last (Muratori, Her. Hal. vol. ii, pt. ii, col. 148). See Labbe, Condi, ix, 279.
3. A third council was convened Aug. 1, 1022. Pope
Benedict VIII in this council complained of the licen- tious life of the clergy, and showed that it dishonored the Church ; he declared that they consumed the wealth given to them by the liberalitj' of princes in keeping women and providing for their children. A decree in seven articles was published for the reformation of the clergy, which the emperor confirmed, adding temporal penalties against the refractorv. See Labbe, Voiic'd. ix, 819.
4. At a council held at Pavia in IIGO the anti-pope, Victor III (Octavianus), was acknowledged as pope in- stead of Alexander III, bj' the emperor Frederick L See Labbe, Concil. x, 1387.
5. At a council held at Pavia in 1423, convoked by the Council of Constance, and opened in the month of May, some deputies from England, France, and Ger- many were present. On June 22 this council was trans- ferred to Siena, on account of the plague which threat- ened Pavia, and the enactments are given under the heading of Siena. See Hefele, Concilienr/esch. vol. iv and v; Milman, Hlgt. of Latin Chrislianity, iv, 292; vii, 534.
Pavia, GiACOMO, a painter, was bom at Bologna Feb. 18, 1055, according to authentic documents. There is much discrepancy as to the time of his birth, and about his instruction. He is said to have studied un- der Antonio Crespi, who was twenty-six years his jun- ior, Lanzi says he was the pupil of Cav. Giuseppe Maria Crespi, ten years his junior; and the canon Luigi Crespi, son of Giuseppe, states, in the third volume of the Felsian Pittorice, that he was instructed by Gio. Gioseffo dal Sole, four years his junior. He acquired considerable reputation at Bologna, and executed sev- eral works for the churches, which were admired for the fine taste displiyed in their composition. The most esteemed of these is a picture of St. Anne teaching the Virgin to read, in S. Silvestro; and the Nativity, in S. Giuseppe. He went to Spain, where he distinguished himself, and executed many works for the churches. He died in 1740. See Spooner, Bio//. Hist, of the Fine A9-is, ii, 666.