Pavement is the rendering in the A. V. of ns^'1, ritspah', originally a stone heated for baking purposes, and hence a tesselated pavement (2 Chron. vii, 3; Esth. i, G ; Ezek. xl, 17, 18 ; xlii, 3), once of the cognate term nSiJ't'5) martse'pheth, a. paved floor (2 Kings xvi, 17). In John xix, 13 it is the rendering of \i5ro(JTp(x}TOQ, which is immediately explained by the Heb. equiv- alent Gahbatha (q. v.). In the account of the sacri- lege of Ahab, we read that he removed tiie brazen oxen upon whicli the base in the Temple rested, and substituted a stone pavement (2 Kings xvi, 17). The lower stories of Eastern houses and palaces, in later days, were usu- ally paved with marble (Esth. i, 6), but in the time of Moses marble was not used for pavements. The "paved work of a sapphire stone" mentioned in Exod. xxiv, 10 is there- fore supposed to refer to the splendid tloors known in Egypt, wliicli were formed of paint- ed tiles or bricks. ChampoUion and Kosel- lini have given specimens of these ornament- ed floors, and fragments of such may be seen in the British Museum. Tliis taste still pre- vails in the East. Le Bruyn tells us tliat the mosque at Jerusalem is almost all covered over with green and blue bricks, which are glazed, so that when the sun shines the eye is perfectly dazzled ; and Dr. Russell likewise mentions that a portion of the pavement of some of the houses in Syria is composed of mosaic work. See House.
PAVEMENT OF CiiuuciiES. From the 4th century churches were carefidly jiaved, as the Jewish Temple had an artificial Hour. The narthex was laid with plaster, the nave with wood, and the sanctuary with mosaic. The custom of burying witliin churches be- tween the 7th and 10th centuries led to the practice of covering the pavement with me- morials of the departed; and at length the floors were laid with stone, marble, or tessel- ated or plain tiles. Rich pavements, like marqueterie in stone or Roman mosaic, occur in most parts of Italy, at St. Omer, St. Denis, in the Rhine country, at Canterbury, West- minster, and in the churches of St. Mary Major, St. Laurence without the Walls, of the time of Adrian I, and St. Martin of the [leriod of Constantine at Rome. Tlie patterns are usually geometrical, but figures, flowers, ani- mals, and the zodiac are fretpicntly introduced witii an effect equal to the richest tapestry. This decoration lasted till the 12th centurj-, but at that time, and in the subsequent period, marble became rare, and hard blocks of free- stone were used, and lastly tiles. See Wal- COtt, Sacred A rchceolorjtj, s. v.
Pavia, a city of Northern Italy, capital of the prov- ince of the same name, on the left bank of the Ticino, twenty miles south of Milan, and three miles above the confluence of the Ticino and the Po, was in ancient times called the "city of a hundred towers." It is a very old city, and many of its antiquities remain to this day; but the palace of Tlieodoric and the tower where Boethius wrote the treatise De Consulatione Phi- losophim no longer exist ; among tlic remaining ones are those of Belcredi and Del Maino, wliich are each 1G9 feet high. Its oldest church, and perhaps the old- est in Italy, is that of San Michcle, wliich, although the date of its foiuidation is uncertain, is first mentioned in 6G1. The cathedral, containing some good paintings, was commenced in 1484, but was never finished. In a beautiful chapel attached to it are the ashes of St. Au- gustine, in a sarcophagus ornamented with fifty bassi- rilievi, ninety-five statues, and numerous grotesques. In the church of San Petro in Ciel d'Auro are deposited the remains of the unfortunate Boethius. The Certosa of Pavia, the most splendid monastery in the world, is four miles without the city. It was founded in 1396. The University of Pavia is greatly celebrated for its learned professors, large libraries, and museums. About 1600 students attend here annually. Pavia is the an- cient Ticinum (afterwards Papia, whence the modem name), and was founded by the Ligurii; it was sacked by Brennus and by Hannibal, burned by the Huns, con- quered by the Romans, and became a place of consider-
Speciuieus of Tesselated Pavement. (From the British Museum.)
PA VIA, COUNCIL OF
846
PAVILION
able importance at the end of the Roman empire. Then it came into the possession of the Goths and Lombards, and the kings of the latter made it the capital of the kingdom of Italy. It became independent in the 12th century, then, weakened by civil wars, it was conquered by Jlatthew Visconti in 1345. After that period its history is merged in that of the conquerors of Lombard y. Since 1859 it has been included within the reorganized kingdom of Italy.
PA VIA, Council of (ConciUum Papiense or Tid- ense). Several ecclesiastical councils have been held in Pavia.
1. The first of these was convened in December, 850, by order of the emperor Louis, who attended himself. Bishop Angelbcrt of Milan presided. As secular mat- ters were also considered by this body, the ecclesiastical character of the council is sometimes called in question. We append a notice of the principal topics contained in the twenty-tive canons of ecclesiastical discipline en- acted by this council :