The rub}' of mineralogists is a red sapphire (q. v.) or spinel. It is a gem highly prized, and only inferior in value to the diamond. The finest are the Oriental, which are chietiy brought from Ceylon and Burmah. They are foimd in alluvial deposits. The ruby, like other gems, had a host of occult virtues attributed to it by the Cabalists. It was supposed to give valor to the soldier in battle; to decide and concentrate affection; to foretell evil by growing pale, and to indicate that the danger was past by recovering its vivid color. See Gksi.
Ruchat, Abraham, a Swiss ecclesiastical writer, was born about 1680. He was for a time pastor at An- bonne, but after 1721 taught belles-lettres and philos- ophy in the Academy of Lausanne. He died Sept. 29, 17.50. His principal works are, Grammatica Ihbraica (Ley den, 1707) : — Abrege de rilisioire Ecclesiast'ique du Pays de Vaud (Berne, 1707) : — llistoire de la Reforma- tion de la Suisse (Geneva, 1740, 6 vols.). See Rousset, Eloge de Ruchat. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gene.rale, s. v.
Ruchrath, Johann, called Von IVesel, a German reformer, was born at Oberwesel, on the Rhine, about 1410. He was professor of divinity at Erfurt, and after- wards preached at Worms for seventeen years. He was accused of heresy and tried before the Inquisition in 1479, but, to escape death or torture, recanted. Ruch- rath died in 1481. He wrote a Treatise against Indul-
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gences, and Concerning the A uthorily, Duty, and Poioer of Pastors. See Hodgst)n, RcJ'urmers and Martyrs (Phila. 1867).
Ruckersfelder, August Fkiedrich, a (lermaii Orientalist, who died Oct. 15, 1799, at Bremen, where lie retired in 1753 from his posi- tion as doctor and professor of theology and Ori- ental languages at the gymnasium in Deventer, is the author of Dissertatio Inmig. Exegetica ad Psalinos Ixxiii, 21-23 (Deventer, 1755): — De- scriptio Codicis Hebrcei Manuscripd Daventri- ensis in his Sylloge Commentationum et Obserea- tionum (ibid. 17t!2): — Commentur. Harmon, in 1 1 ' Evang. sec. Singulor. Ordinem Prop?-ium Dis- positum (being a translation of M'Knight's Har- viony of the Four Gospels [ibid. 1772-79,3 vols.]). See Winer, Handbuch der theol. Literatur, i, 244, 280; ii, 142; Zuchold. Z^iW. J'/ieo^. p.l093; Furst, Bibl. Jud. iii, 180. (Ii. P.)
Rudbeck, John, a learned Swedish prelate and reformer, was born at Orebro about 1580. He was chaplain toGustavus Adolphus, and bish- opof Westeras. His death occurred in 1646. He
was father of Olfls Cor Olafl Rinlbprk Sr the ^'^'■° "''"" ^"<='''"'' ^'"'P' showing the " Ruddeis." (From a paiiit- vas latlier ol Ulas (or Olat; ivuabeck, &r., tne j^g j^ Herculaueum representing the desertion of Ariadne.)
eminent anatomist and botanist.
Rudborne (or Rodburne), Thomas, an English bishop and architect, was a native of Hertfordshire. He studied at Merton College, Oxford, and was afterwards chaplain to Henry V previous to the battle of Agincourt. He received the prebend of Horton, Salisbury, the liv- ing of East Deping, Lincolnshire, and the archdeaconry of Sudbury. He served the ofKce of proctor in the uni- versity, and was elected chancellor. In 1426 he was warden of Merton College, resigning the next year. In 1433 he was promoted to the see of St. David's, and died about 1442. The tower and chapel of Merton will long remain monuments of his skill and taste. He wrote, according to Bale, a Chronicle, and some Epistles ad Thomam Waldenem et Alios. See Chalmers, Biog. Diet. s. v.
Rudd, John Churchill, D.D., an Episcopal cler- gyman, was born at Norwich, Conn., May 24, 1779. By adverse circumstances he was prevented from taking a collegiate course, and, although brought up a Congre- gationalist, united with the Episcopal Church. He was admitted to deacon's orders by bishop Moore, April 28, 1805, and in 1806 to priest's orders by the same prelate, lu December, 1805, he took charge of St. .John's Parish, Elizabethtown, N. J., and in Ma}' following was insti- tuted its rector. Owing to ill-health, he resigned. May 26, 1826, and removed to Auburn, N. Y., and took charge of .St. Peter's Church in that city for seven years. In 1827 he was induced by bishop Hobart to commence The Gospel Messenger, which he continued to edit until the close of his life, Nov. 15, 1848. The following are some of Dr. Rudd's publications : Monitorial Schools (1825), an address -.— The Resurrection (1833), a sermon : —Christ, the Chief Corner-stone (1833), a sermon: — be- sides a number of other Addresses and Sermons. Dr. Kudd edited the Churchman's Magazine, several years previous to 1812. See Sprague, Annals of the Amer. Pulpit, v, 501.
Rudd, Sayer, a minister of Walmer, Kent, Eng- land, in the middle of the last century, published a number of Poems, Sermons, and Theological Treatises, of which the best known is his Essay on the Resurrec- tion, Millennium, and Judgment (Lond. 1734, 8vo). His Prodromus, or Observations on the English Letters, was published in 17.55 (8vo). See Allibone, Diet, of Brit, and A mer. A uthors, s. v.
Rudder (TrrfOdXiov, Acts xxvii, 20, strictly afoot-
ping through the rudder-port by lashings (ZtvKTi'jpia. "bands"). There were usually two of these rudders (hence the plural), one on each quarter of the vessel. See Ship.
Ruddy CSiiaiS;, admoni, reddish; Sept. vvppa- Kt]Q ; Vulg. 7-ufus'). Many interpreters think that the word means red-haired, and it is so rendered in the an- cient versions, although ours understands a ruddy com- plexion. It would then appear that Esau ((jen. xxv, 25) and David (1 Sam. xvi, 12; xxvii, 42) had red hair, a peculiarity so uncommon in the East that it forms a particular distinction, as in the Scriptural in- stances; but it is by no means unknown, especially in mountainous countries. It has been observed in Persia, accompanied with the usual fresh complexion. Such hair and complexion together seem to have been regarded as a beauty among the Jews. The personal characters of Esau and David appear to agree well with the temper- ament which red hair ixsually indicates. — Kitto. That interpretation, however, is by no means established, and the contempt of Goliath for David as a j'outh of a fair, bright skin is more probable. See David. This view is confirmed by the application of kindred words, as addm (D^X), in Lam. iv, 7, to the Nazarites in gen- eral ; and adorn (CTN) to the bridegroom (Cant, v, 10), who is immediatelj' described as black-haired (ver. 11).