The later Jews have their saints as well as the Chris- tian Church ; the word they use is 'Ci^p, kadosh. Tlieir most celebrated saint is rabbi Judah Ilak-kadush (rabbi Jiidah the Holy). He lived about one hundred and twent}^ years after the destruction of the second Tem- ple, and was tlie author of the Mishna (or text) of the Babylonian Talmud. They have also their devout men (D'^TOn, chasidim), who devote themselves to a religious life and to the study of their law, visit the dying, perform the rites for the dead, etc. Of such kind were the " devout persons" with whom Paul disputed (Acts xvii, 17). In the New Test, the word (iyioc, as above, is used throughout wherever our ver- sion has "saint," and with the same signification as in the Sept. — viz. separated, dedicated, sanctified by consecration— because the Christians were then especial- ly dedicated to God's service, in separation from the .lews and pagans, as the Jews had been before the '-holy people" separated from the Gentiles. See Holiness,
After the Christian asra, the martyrs were considered as dignified saints in the same rank as the apostles — i. e. saints by profession and office, as distinguished from the saints, or holy and pious by character and conduct, such as have been eminent for religion and virtue, but not canonized. After some time canonization was extended also to confessors— that is, persons who during the per- secutions against the Christians had made a resolute avowal and defence of their faith, and had suffered tort- ure, banishment, or confiscation in consequence, but not actual martyrdom (see the monographs cited by Yolbe- d'iiig, /lulex Programmatum, p. 1G9), For some centu- ries there was no regular canonization in the Christian ('hurch. By a tacit consent of the clergy the names of martyrs, etc, were inserted as saints in a kind of ecclesi- astical register, called a diptych. It w.as not till about the 9th century that solemn and formal canonization, with its particular ceremonies, began to be regularly practiced. At present, in the Church of I{ome, the cer- emony of beatification, or being pronounced blessed by the pope, must precede canonization, and cannot take place till fifty years after death. Sec Canonization, The word is generally applied by us to the apostles and other holy persons mentioned in the Scriptures; but the Ifomanists make its application much more extensive, as, according to them, all wlio are canonized are made saints of a high degree. Protestants, in applying this
term to the sacred writers, are very inconsistent; for though they say St. John, St. Peter, St. David, they never use St. Isaiah, St. Ilabakkuk, etc. The practice has even extended to naming churches after certain saints. See Patuon Saints.
Concerning the bodies of the saints which arose and came out of their graves after the resurrection of Christ (Matt, xxvii, 50), it is believed that they were persons who believed in him and waited for him in hope, as old Simeon had done (Luke ii, 25), but who had died before his resurrection, and who were thus favored to be an ex- ample of the general resurrection, and to whom Christ alluded (.John v, 25), "The hour is coming, and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God, and they that hear shall live;" and of whom Paul speaks, " Now is Christ risen from the dead, and be- come the first-fruits of them that slept," because his resurrection was the signal for theirs. It appears that these persons must have been deceased during the then present generation ; for they went into Jerusalem, and appeared unto many, who could not have recognised them had they been much longer dead. We may here observe that when the word saint or saints (ciyiog, uyioi) is used in the New Test, relative to persons deceased, it is to be understood of the spirits of the just (without anj' distinction of office or character) made perfect. See
RliSURRECTION.
Saint- Amour, Louis Gorin de, a French theolo- gian, was born at Paris, Oct. 27, 1G19. He was educated at the LTniversity of Paris, and afterwards became its rector, and in 1G44 was made professor at the Sorbonne. His profound learning and the vigor of his argumenta- tive powers sryon made him conspicuous in the assem- blies of the facidty. When the Jesuits obtained the condemnation of the five propositions of the book of Jansenius, Saint-Amour became one of the most power- ful adversaries of the decision. He was one of the doc- tors who went to Rome to obtain its reversal, but was obliged to return without having succeeded. By his defence of Arnauld he was excluded from the assemblies of the Sorbonne, and, being arrested by the order of the Council of State, he was in 1684 burned at the stake. He published a Journal de ce qui c'est passe a Borne touchant les cinq Propositions depuis 164G jusqu'en 1653 (1662). edited by Arnaidd and De Sacy from the notes of Saint-Amour and the abbe Salaiue, — Hoefer, Xouv. Bioff. Generale, s. v,
Saint-George, Arthur, D,D., dean of Rosse, died 1772, His only published work is The Archdeacon's Examination of Candvlates for IIoUj Orders, etc, edited by W,AVotton;D,D,(Lond, 1751, 12mo),
Saint John, Knights Hospitallers of (also called Kni;/hts of Rhodes, and Knir/hts of Malta), a re- ligious and military order, originating in the middle of the 11th century. Some citizens of Amalfi, while trad- ing with Palestine, had (1048) founded two hospitals for the reception of pilgrims to Jerusalem — one for men, and the other for women. The hospital for men bore the name of St, John the Almoner, a native of Cyprus and patriarch of Alexandria, who sent aid to Jerusa- lem in G14, after it had been sacked by Chosroes II, The confraternity who did service in the hospital was under the direction of Gerard, They displayed such heroic charity when Jerusalem was captured by the Crusaders, Jid}' 15, 1099, that several knights — among them Raymond du Puy — joined them as hospitallers. The lordship of IMontboire, in Brabant, was bestowed upon them by Godfrey de Bouillon, When peace was restored to the city, Gerard and his associates pledged themselves to labor forever in the hospitals "as the servants of the poor and of Christ," the members of both sexes assuming as their habit the black robe of the Augustinians, with a white linen cross of eight points on the left breast. The order received the papal approbation from pope Paschal H, Feb. 15, 1113. under the appellation of "Brothers Hospitallers