SAINT-JOHN
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SAINT-SIMON
of St. John in Jerusalem." A magnificent church was erected to St. John the Baptist on the traditional site of his parents' abode. Gerard took the title of (iuar- dian and Provost of the order, and built, for the accom- modation of pilgrims, hospitals in the chief maritime towns of Western Europe; these afterwards became com- manderics of the order. Gerard died in 1118, and was succeeded by Raymond du Puy, who to their former duty of hospitality and attendance upon the sick added that of knighthood, in opposition to infidels; and this soon became the principal object of the order. IJay- mond divided the order into knights, priests, and broth- er servants; and there grew up, also, a numerous inter- mediate class of' sergeants (old ¥r. serf f/e?its, serving- men), who rendered valuable service in field and hospi- tal, and were, in course of time, assigned separate com- manderies. The order, under its new organization, was called after St. John the Baptist; and Eavmond ex- changed the title of guardian for that of master. The title of grand-master was first assumed by Hugues de Revel, 1267. The constitutions, based on the Augustin- ian rule, were drawn up by Raymond, and approved by pope Calixtus 11, 1120. The great influx of members caused the order to be divided according to national- ities, or "languages" — those of Provence, Auvergne, France, Italy, Aragon, Germany, and England — to which were added the languages of Castile and Por- tugal. The order became famous by its delivering An- tioch from the Moslems, raising the siege of Jaffa, as- sisting powerfully in the fall of Tyre, driving the ene- my from Coele-Syria and Phoenicia, and contributing to the fall of Ascalon, in 1153. Amaury, king of Jerusa- lem, bribed them, in 11C8, to promise to violate a sol- emn treaty and engage in an expedition against Egypt. The order was nearly annihilated in 1187 by Saladin in the battle of Tiberias. After the fall of Jerusalem, it was established at the castle of Margat (Markat), the female branch of the order retiring to Europe. The Kharesmians nearly exterminated the order in 1244 at the battle of Gaza. When the Saracens took Acre (1291), the hospitallers removed to Limisso, in Cyprus, where originated their naval character, as their vessels con- veyed pilgrims to the Holy Land. Having conquered Rhodes in 1309 (or 1310), they afterwards made it the principal seat of their order, and were hence called Knights of Rhodes. They sustained there two sieges, the first, in 1480, under the grand-master D'Aubusson, proving disastrous to the besiegers ; and the second, under LTsle-Adam, in 1522, ending (after a heroic de- fence of six months) in the defeat of the knights and evacuation of the island. »After taking refuge succes- sively in Candia, Messina, and the mainland of Italy, they were put in possession of the islands of Gozo and JIalta and the city of Tripoli by emperor Charles V. They made Malta one of the strongest places in the world, and it gave its name to the order. They re- pelled attacks from the Turks in 1551 and 15G5, and held the island until June, 1798, when it was taken b}' Bonaparte, the grand -master Hompesch having abdi- cated and been sent to Trieste. Since that event the order has existed only in name. It was for a time un- der the protection of Paul I of Russia, whose reported conversion to Romanism led to his being elected grand- master. The seat of the order was removed to Catana in 1801, to Ferrara in 1826, and to Rome in 1834. See Applttons' New A mer. Cyclop, s. v. See Hospitallers.
Saint -John, PaTwlett, D.D., rector of Yelden, Beds, prebendary of Hereford, and chaplain in ordina- ry. He received the degree of M.A. in 1706, and D.D. in 1716, and died 1732. "His sermons were written in a forcible yet simple style." Fourteen of them, on practical subjects, were published (Lond. 1737, 8vo). See Darling, Cyclop. Biblioy. s. v.
Saint- John, Theophilus, D.D., a pseudonym. The real author was the Rev. Samiwl Clapham, A.ISI. His Sermons were of a highly popular and useful char-
acter, two volumes of which were published (Lond. 1812, 8vo). — Darling, Cyclop. Bihliog. s. v.
Saint-Jure, Jean Baptiste de, an ascetic author, was born, in 1588, at Metz. At the age of sixteen he joined the Jesuits, and was superior successively of the monasteries at Amiens, Aleiujon, Orleans, and Paris. He was one of the Jesuits who went into England during the reign of Charles I ; but the condition of the country was so unsettled that he returned to his native land. He died at Paris, April 30, 1657. He wrote several works which have been reprinted, even at the present day. We mention De la Connaissance et de VAviour de Jesus-Christ (1634) -.—Met hade pour Men moiirir (XMd) : —i: Homme Sjnrihiel (1646) ■.—IJIdee d'un Par/ait Chre- tien, ou la Vie de M. de Renty (1651) :—L' Homme Reli- gieux (1657).— Iloefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.
Saiut-Maur. See Mauk {St.), Congregation of.
Saint-Pard (Pierre Nicholas a'an Blotaqie), Ahhe de, a Belgian ascetic writer, was born, Feb. 9, 1734, at Givet-Saint-Hilaire. He studied with the Jesuits at Diman, joined their order, and was sent to teach in various colleges. At the time of the suppression of the society he was at Yennes, but went to Paris ; and, learn- ing of the interdict of Parliament, he changed his name to that oi Saint-Pard, \\h\c\\ he retained till his death, which occurred at Paris, Dec. 1, 1824. During the Rev- olution he remained in Paris, and, though obliged to conceal himself, he still exercised his ministerial func- tions. Under the Directory he became bolder, and was twice imprisoned for preaching in public. In 1801 he became honorary canon of Notre Dame, and had charge of the parish of St. Jacques de Haut-Pas, which he held during the remainder of his life. Of his writings we have Retraite de dix Jours (1773) : — UAme Chretienne formee sur les Maximes de VEvanr/He (1774) : — Exercises de V Amour du Penitent (1799). He abridged and re-ed- ited Le Livre des Elus (1759), and La Connaissance de Jesus-Christ (1772). — Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.