C. (Sept. tv tif)))v)j ; Vulg. in pace), Psa. Ixxvi, 2. It seems to he agreed on all hands that Salem is here em- ployed for Jerusalem, but whether as a mere abbrevia- tion to suit some exigency of the poetry and point the allusion to the peace (jshdUmi) which tlie city enjoyed through the protection of ( jod, or whether, after a well- known habit of poets, it is an antique name preferred to the more moiUrn ami familiar one, is a (luestion not "yet decided. The latter is tlie opinion of the .lewish commentators, but it is grounded on their belief that the Salem of Melchizedek was the city which after- wards became Jerusalem. (See alxive.) See a remark- able passage in (ieiger's Umclni/'l, etc. p. 74-7(5. The antithesis in ver. 1 between " Judah" and "Israel" might seem to some to imply tliat some sacred jilace in the nortiiern kingdom is here contrasted witli Zion, the sanctuary of the south. If there were in the Bilile any sanction to the identification of Salem with Shechem (nolicrri above), the passage might be taken as referring to the continued relation of (iod to the kingdom of Is- ricL But the i>arallelism is rather one of agreement than contrast. Hence, Zion the sanctuary iieiiig named in the one member of the verse, it is tolerably certain
that Salem, in the other, must denote the same city. See Jeuusalem.
Salema, in Arabic mythology, is the god of health worshipped by a race of giants who are said to have in- habited Arabia.
Sales, FiiANCis ue. See Fuancis of Sales. Salesiaus, an order of recluse nuns, otherwise known as Visitants, Its founder was count Francis of Sales (q. v.), who conceived the idea of providing an asylum for widows and other females in distress, and of devoting them to the service of the sick and to a relig- ious life. A vision encouraged him to carry forward his purpose, and the active co-operation of a noble widow (saint), Francisca du Chantal, enabled him to succeed. The order of the Visitation of Mary, or Sa- lesians, was the result. The first house for their use ■was secured in 1610, at Annecy, and the second in 1615, at Lyons. Their rules (given by St. Francis) were mild, and intended rather to promote spiritual dispositions and works of mercy than to encourage outward asceti- cism. The sisters were required to take only the simple vows; strict retirement was imposed only during the period of the novitiate; their apparel was not required to be different from that of ordinary females, except that it should be of black color and modest appearance. In 1G18 pope Paul V raised the congregation into an order De Visitatione B, V. M. under the rule of St. Au- gustine, and conferred on it all the privileges accorded to other religious orders, making its special mission the training of female children. The convents were placed under the supervision of the diocesan bishops by the will of their founder. Their number increased rapidly, the first being established at Paris, in 1G19 ; thirteen be- fore Francis died in 1622, and eighty-seven during the life of mother du Chantal (died 1641). The order grad- uall}' spread also over Italy, Germany, Poland, Austria, Switzerland, Syria, and North America. It is now one of the most important in the Roman Catholic Church, having one hundred convents with at least three thou- sand inmates.
The members of the order are classed as choristers, associates, and house companions, the first of which classes performs the duties of the choir, -while the last takes charge of the domestic administration of the house, 'i'he modern rule is not especially strict, but few special fasts being prescribed. The habit of the order is black, with a black band crossing the forehead, and a small white breast-cloth pendent from the neck, under which a silver cross is suspended from a black band. — Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen-Lex. ix, 577 sq.
Salganeiis, in Greek mythology, is an appellative of Apollo, derived from the Boeotian town of the same name.
Saliau, Jacques, a learned French Jesuit, was born at Avignon in 1557. He was admitted in 1578 into the Institute of St. Ignatius, where he taught theology, and also in the province of Lj-ons. He was rector of the College of Besan^on, and while on a visit to Paris died of apoplexy, Jan. 23, 1640. His principal work is en- titled >4«»a/es Ecdesiastici V. T. (1619). — Iloefer, Nom: Bioff. Generale, s. v.
Salians. See Salesians.
Salier, Jacques, a French theologian, was born at Saulien in 1615. He belonged to the order of the Mi- nimes. After having taught theology, he became pro- vincial, and finally assistant of the general of his order. He died at Dijon, Aug. 20, 1707. He wrote, De Eucha- visticis (IGHl) i—Cacocephalus (1694): — Peiisees sui- le Paradis ct siir VA me Raisonnahle, in which there is very little about paradise. — Hoefer, Nouv. Biorj. Generale, s. v.
Salig, CiiniSTiAN August, a German theologian of great learning and mystical tendency, W'as born near Magdeburg, April 0, 1692. His father, a pastor, in- struct ed him in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. In 1707 he
SALII
255
SALIM
began to study at Halle, and beard lectures from A. H. Franke, P. Anton, Christian Woll, and others, also taking frequent part in public disputations against Socinianism and Komanism. From 1710 to 1712 he studied at Jena, under J.F. Buddajus, J. A. Danz, and others, and took his master's degree. In 1714 he delivered lectures, philo- sophical, theologicalj and historical, at Halle. The same year he published Philosoj)humena Velerum et Recenti- orum de Anima et ejus Immortaliki/e, at Halle, a work which drew to him the attention of Thoraasius. In 1717 he became conrector of the school at Wolfen- buttel. and entered upon his duties with a dissertation, Be Nexu Corruplionis ac Instauruiionis Ecdesia ac Scholarum. Here the excellent library furnished him welcome means of productive study. In 1723 he issued his work De Eutijchianismo ante Eufycltem, in which he treated also of the historj' of Nestorianism. For this work he was fiercely accused of Nestorianism himself. The second centenarj'^ of the Augsburg Confession oc- casioned tlie preparation of Salig's master-work, a com- plete history of the Augsburg Confession and Apology (Halle, 1730). In 1733 he issued an adilitional work on the history of Protestantism outsiile of Lutheranism. In 1735 he published an account of the inner growth and strifes of Lutheranism, which was bitterly assailed because of its frank presentation of men and things as they actually were. As a continuation of his labors in the same field, he undertook a complete historj' of the Council of Trent, but did not live to finish it. He died at Wolfenblittel in 1735. He wrote, also, A^o- dus Prcedestinationis Solutus. See Ballenstedt, De Vita et Obitu C. A.Saligii (Helmst. 1738) ; Herzog, Real-En- cyld. xiii, 323-325. (J. P. L.)