ed R. Jochanan as an authority upon this subject (Je- rus. Sahbdth, iii, 1 ; Sota, s. f.).
V. Literature The best works upon this subject are
the Talmud and Midrashim ; but as these are not gener- ally accessible, we mention the masterly works of Zunz, Die ffoltesdieiisllichen Vortrdge der Juden (Berlin, 1832) ; Frankel, Der (jerkhtliche Berceis (ibid. 1840) ; Jfonats- schrift, i, 509, etc.; Wunderbar, BibUsch-talmudische Medicin (Riga and Lcips. 1850-60); Lewysohn, Die Zoologie des Talinuds (Prankfort-on-the-Main, 1858) ; Griltz, Geschichte der Juden, vols, iii and iv ; Ben-Cha- ««;?;«, i, 417, 460, 512; ii, 66, 167, 210, 258; iii, 539; Eders- heim. History of the Jewish Nation, p. 297 sq. ; Schilrer, Lehrbuch der neutestamentlichen Zeitgeschichte, p. 4GG sq.; Hartmann, Die enge Verbindung des A. T. mit dem Neuen, p. 377-384; Gfrorer, Juhrhundert des Heils, i, 156-192; Van Gelder, Die VoIksscluiJe des judischen Altherthums nach talmudischen iiiitl rubbiiiisv/ien Quellen (Berl. 1872) ; Marcus, Zur Schul-J'udagogiL- des Tcdmud (iljid. 1860).
There are numerous monographs on the subject: Held, De Jud. Scholis (Norimb. 1664); Heubner, De Academiis Ilebrceor. (Vitenib. 1703); Lund, De Scholis et Academiis Heb. (Upsal. 1707); Reineccius, De Scholis Uebr. (Weissenb. 1722) ; Sennert, De Scholis et A cademiis Ilebr. in his Ileptas Exercit. (Vitemb. 1657) ; Sgambalo, De Acad. Jud. (Neap. 1703); Weisner, De Scholis et Academiis Ilebr. (Heidelb. 1782) ; Zorn, De Scholis Jud, (Sedin. 1716); and others cited by Volbeding, Index Program, p. 138, On the Schools of the Prophets: Hernig, Voti den Schulen d. Proph. (Bresl. 1777) ; Winck- ler, Vindicatio Scholce Samuelis (Hildesh. 1754) ; Silber- rod, De Prophetarum Eiliis (Jen. 1710). See PnoriiErs, Schools of.
SCHOOLS, Parish. See Parish Schools.
SCHOOLS, Singing. The high estimation in which singers were held in the ancient Church appears from the institution of schools for their instruction and train- ing, and the great attention which was paid to these schools and their presidents. Such schools were estab- lished as early as the 0th century, and became common in various parts -of Europe, particularly in France and Germany. The most celebrated was that founded at Rome by Gregory the Great, which was the model of many others afterwards established. From these schools originated the famous Gregorian chant, a plain sj-stem of church music, which the choir and people sang in unison. The prior or principal of these schools was n man of considerable dignity and influence in the Church. The name of this officer at Rome was archicanfor eccle- sice Romance, and elsewhere pi-imicerius (or prior) scholce cantorum. See Coleman, Christ. Antiq. p. 124; Riddle, Christ. Antiq.\).iQ7. See Singing.
Schoonmaker, Henricus, a (Dutch) Reformed minister, was born at Rochester, Ulster Co., N. Y., in 1739. He was converted early in life under the minis- try of the Rev. Henricus Frelinghuysen, and studied theology with the Rev. John II. Goetschius, who be- came his father-in-law. Dr. Schoonmaker was one of the first ministers of the Reformed Church who were licensed by the coctus, independently of the Church in Holland. He was called immediately (1763) to the churches of Poughkeepsic and Fishkill. When the ministers arrive<l to onlain him, they found the church doors barred against them bj^ the Conferentie part}', and the service was conducted under the shade of a large tree in a wagon, in which upon his knees the can- didate took his vows in presence of a large congrega- tion. A ministry thus begun was not likely to be fruit- less. His labors were greatly blessed, notwithstanding the opposition to which he was constantly exposed. In 1774 he removed to Acquackanonck (now Passaic), N. J., and subsequently gave a portion of his services to the neighboring church of Toteroo (now Paterson). In 1810 he resigned his charge, and died in 1820, having survived nearly all of his contemporaries. His grateful people continued his salary for life. He was the last
SCHOONMAKER
486
SCHOTTIN
but one of the old Dutch clergy who preached only in the language of Holland. Dr. Livingston pronounced him the most eloquent preacher in that tongue whom he had ever heard in this country. He was always popu- lar in the pulpit, and his style was nervous, eloquent, and powerful. His life was blameless, and his minis- try of over, half a century was full of good fruits. See Sprague, Annals of the Amer. Pulpit; Kip, Historical Discourse. (W. J. R. T.)
Schoonmaker, Jacob, D.D., a son of the fore- going, was born INIay 11, 1777, at Acquackanonck (now Passaic), N.J. He graduated at Columbia College in 1799, and pursued his theological studies under Drs. Solomon Froeligh and John H. Livingston. He was licensed in 1801, and the next year became the pastor of the united churches of Jamaica and Newtown, L. I. This associate relation lasted until 1849, when the Newtown church became independent. He remained pastor at Jamaica one year longer, when on Aug. 6, 1850, he preached his farewell sermon, and then retired from the active ministry on account of age and infirmi- ties. He died April 10, 1852, finishing his course with joy. Dr. Schoonmaker was a large, portly man, with a very benevolent countenance and a sweet savor of cheerful piety in his whole aspect and demeanor. He was dignified, courteous, discreet — a faithful preacher, a devoted pastor, a sound evangelical theologian of the Calvinistic school — an active supporter of the educa- tional institutions and benevolent agencies of the Church, and a workman who needed not to be ashamed. He was a father among his people, and, while cherishing the most profound attachment to his own Church, was trul}'' catholic in feeling towards all who love Christ. See Sprague, A nnals of the A mer. Pulpit, vol. ix. (W. J. R. T.)