Schwartz, Peter (in Latin Niger), a German theologian, was born early in the 15th century. His early history is unknown, except that he received a good education and entered the Order of St. Dominic, He travelled widely, and in every way endeavored to add to his knowledge of the laws and customs of the Jews. His knowledge of Hebrew was so great that in 1474 he carried on a discussion with several rabbis in that language at Ratisbon. At that time he was teach- ing at Wiirzburg, but left to take charge of the College of Buda, in Hungary. He died in 1481. Many of the works of Niger are lost — indeed, but two important ones remain : Tractatus ad Judceorum Perfdicnn Extirpan- dam Confectus (Essling, 1477, fol. ; transl. into German under the title Stella Messice [ibid. 1477, it.o]'):—Cly- peus Thomistarum (Venice, 1482, fol.).— Hoefer, Noui\ Biog. Genircde, s. v.
Schvrartze, Monirz Gotthilf, a German theo- logian, was born in 1802 at Weissenfels. He studied the Oriental languages, and was appointed professor of the Coptic language and literature at the University of Berlin. His death occurred in 1848. He published, Prolegomena in Religionem Veierum A'lgyptorvm (Berl. 1832): — Das alte Aegypten (Leips. 1843): — Pscdterium in Dialectum Copticca Linguce Memphiticam, etc. (ibid. IS-i'i) ■.—Quaiuor Evangelia in Dialecto Linguce Copticce Memphilica Perscripta, etc. (pars i, vol. i, Ecangelia Matlha'i et Marci continens [ibid. 1846 ]") :— A'op^^irZie Grammatik (ed. by II. Steintlial [Berl. 1850]) -.—Pistis Sophia (Coptic, with a Latin transl., ed. by I'etermann [ ibid. 1851 ]), See the Pegensburger Reid-Encyklop. s. v. (B.P.)
Schwarz, Charles, Dr., a German preacher, was born at Wreschen, in the duchy of Poscn, in the j-ear 1817, of Jewish (larcntage. Having passed the gym- nasium, he entered the university at Berlin; and here it was that, when twenty years of age, he openly pro-
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fesseJ his faith in Christ. He now betook himself to the study of theology; went to Halle, where he attend- ed the lectures of Gesenius, Tholiick, Erdmann, and Ju- lius Miiller, and afterwards to Berlin, where Neander, Hengstenberg, and Twesten were his teachers. Hav- ing completed his studies, he offered himself to the Lon- don Jews' Society, was ordained by the bishop of Lon- don, and appointed for Constantinople. On his way to the latter city, he went to Pesth, in Hungary, where he staj-ed for about a year, in tlie meantime becoming ac- quainted with Dr. Duncan of Scotland. In Constanti- nople he only stayed one year, severed his connection with the London society, and entered the services of the Free Church of Scotland, which appointed him as a mis- sionary to Berlin, where he labored from 1844 till 1848. From Berlin he went to Amsterdam, wliere he soon attracted the attention of Jews and Christians. The church which he built there soon became the nucleus of Christian life for the whole city, and the weekly, which he issued under the title De /leraut, soon spread all over the Netherlands. His labors in Amsterdam were greatly blessed — a circumstance which excited the hatred of tlie Jews, who boasted themselves of being the descendants of those exiles who came from Spain and Portugal, and wlio, in their fanatical ignorance, could not endure that some of their brethren should leave Judaism and become Christians. AVith incredible fanaticism they persecuted all converts. It was on Sun- daj' morning, Aug. 1, 1858, when Schwarz had entered the pulpit to preach to about 1200 people, that while in silent pra3'er lie was stabbed in the side by a young Jew, who had followed the preacher without being seen. For a long time his life was endangered, but he finally recovered. He continued for six years longer in his work at Amsterdam, when, in 18(54, he exchanged the scene of his long labors fur London. Here a large field was opened to him, in which he also labored till Aug. 24, 1870, when he was called to his rest. To Jews and Gentiles, Schwarz preached in English, Dutch, and German, and many of those whom he led to Christ are now ambassadors of the cross. See Fricdensbotefiir Is- rael, 1871 , p. 33 sq. ; Saat nitf Iloffnung, vii, 383 ; viii, 80 ; Missionsblatt fiir Israel, 1874, p. 83 sq., 92 sq. (B. P.)
Schwarz, J. C. E., a German doctor and professor of theology, was born at PLille, June 20, 1802. After 1829 he labored at Jena, holding the highest ecclesiasti- cal positions, and died there May 18, 1870. He pub- lished a number of Sermons, which are all enumerated in Zuchold, Bibliotlieca Theolofika, ii, 1205. See also Winer, Ilandbuch der f/ieol. IJteratiir, ii, 772; Litera- rischer Ilanda-eiser, 1870, p. 491. (B. P.)
Schwarz, Josef, a German Jew, was born Oct. 22, 1804, at Floss, in Bavaria. When seventeen years of age he entered the University of Wlirzburg. In 1833 he arrived in Palestine, and died at Jerusalem Feb. 5, 18G5. Schwarz is best known by his works on Pales- tine. Thus lie published, Ilebrdische Karte iiber Pa- lestina (Wlirzburg, 1829, and often) :—'.:3?2'm nixmr, or Astronomical and Physical Explanations of the Holy Zaw(Z (Jerusalem. 1843) : — y~xri rX"Zr,or Geor/raphy of Palestine (ibid. 1845) :— -,7-1X11 mX^JIP, or Natural History of the Holy Land (ibid. 1845) :— ynxtl iTri'TS, or History of Palestine till 1845 (ibid. 1845). Some of his works were translated into German. His Geography was translated into English byls. Leeser: A Descrip- tive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine (Phila. 1850). See Fiirst, Bibl. Jiid. iii, 300 sq. (B. P.)