Scotch Baptists. In Scotland a particular class of Baptists has long existed under this name. With the exception of baptism, they are nearly allied in sen- timent to the old Sci)tch Independents — followers of Robert Dale (q. v.). jMr. Carmichael, pastor of an Antiburgher congregation at Cupar, in Angus, having changed his views, was baptized in 1765 by Dr. <iill in London. Returning to Edinburgh, he administered that ordinance to five others. In 1769 he was joined in the pastorate by a Mr. M'Lean, who bore an impor- tant part during the various internal dissensions which arose. Churches founded in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dundee, after great depression, gathered strength and influence, and in 1795 several societies were formed in the north of England. At the census of 1851 they were returned as having fifteen meeting-houses in England with 2037 sittings. The Scotch Baptists are Calvinists; are strictly congregational ; they observe the love-feast, and upon certain occasions the kiss of charity, and also wash one another's feet when it is really serviceable as an act of hospitality; they abstain from eating blood and things strangled ; advocate plain attire; they hold, with respect to marriage, that, while one of the parties being an unbeliever does not dissolve that relation when once entered into, it is the duty of Cliristians to marry only in the Lord. For further information consult the works of M'Lean, Inglis, Braidwood, and Jones, and that of their great opponent, Andrew Fuller, Treatise on Samknianianism. See V4m\ie, Eccles. Cyclop, s.v.; Blunt, Diet. < fleets, s. V. ; L', liyinns of the World (Loud. 1877).
Scotch Philosophy. See Scox-nsu Puiloso-
I'llY.
SCOTIA
Scotia (aKOTia, dark), or Trochibis, n hollow mould- ing constantly used in the bases of columns, etc., in
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SCOTLAND
Scotia, Tiochlhis,orCasemeut; Baths of Diocletian, Rome.
classical architecture. The old English name for a cor- responding moulding very frequently employed in Goth- ic architecture is casement. — Parker, Gloss, of Afchitect. s. V. See Column.
Scoti.sts, a philosophico- religious school which arose at the end of the loth and tlie beginning of the l-Jrth century. It derived its origin from John Duns Scotus (q. v.), and was especially opposed to the Thom- ists (q. v.). Scotus supposed that rational knowledge arose indirectly from divine illumination, in so far as the human mind discovers divine ideas in the objects of which they have been the types. Hence all science belongs to theologians. The struggle between the Scot- ists and the Thomists turned principally upon theolog- ical questions relative to liberty, grace, and predestina- tion. One great question in particular was keenly dis- cussed by the two rival sects for a long period, and indeed still divides the doctors of the Church of Home at the jiresent day — viz. whether the sacraments confer grace morally or physically? The physical efficacy of the sacraments was maintained by the Thomists, while their moral etHcacy was inculcated by the Scotists. The fol- lowers of Duns Scotus alleged both original sin and grace to be the invariable attributes of all men, and thus they held them to be developments of the spiritu- al world in the ordinary course of providence. At the Keformation in the 16th century, when the Protestant party had succeeded in directing the attention of the Church to these delicate points, the .Jesuits adopted the views of the Scotists. The Scotists defend the pre- tended immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary. See Gardner, Faiths of the. World, s. v.
Scotitas, in Greek mythology, was a surname of Jupiter in Laconia. ,
Scotland, one of the three kingdoms of the Brit- ish empire in Europe, and part of the island of Great ]}ritain. In addition to the mainland, there are sever- al groups of islands on the north and west coast. The extreme north point of the islands is Unst, in tlie Shet- land group, lat. (JO'^ 50', and their most westerly point St.. Kilda, in the Hebrides, long. 8° 35' \V. The greatest length of the mainland, from Duunet Head, in the north, to the jMuU of Galloway, in the south, is about 280 miles; and its greatest breadth, from Buchan Ness, in the east, to Ardnaniurchan Point, in the west, about 170 miles. Scotland is geographically divided into two dis- tinct regions — the Highlanils, north of the Grampian mountains, and the Lowlands, south of that range. Ge- olofficalli/, Scotland is divided into three distinct re- gions : 1. The southern, or Oltler Paheozoic, which in- cludes the region between the southern boundary and a line running east-northeast from (iirvan, on the Frith of Clyde, to the Siccar Point, on the e.ast coast. 2. The central, or Newer Paheozoic, consisting of the Devonian or Old Red Sandstone and the Carboniferous formations, embraces the basins of the friths of Clyde, Forth, and Tay, with an area of about 5000 square miles. 3. The northern division, of crystalline and metamorphic rocks, comprises the whole of the remainder of Scotland, and has an area of 19,000 square miles. The climate is so tempered by the influence of the ocean that, notwith- standing the high northern latitude of the country, the tliermometer rarely falls to zero, nor does it often rise above 80° in summer ; the mean temperature is 47°.
PoUticall;/, the kingdom is divided into thirty-throe counties, grouped in eight geographical divisions, with a total area of 30,403 square miles, of which the islands comprise about 5000. The population in 1871 was 3.360,018, of whom 1,003,143 were males and 1,75(),875 females. The people are divided into the Highlanders and the Lowlanders, two distinct stocks, differing in lan- guage, manners, and dress. The language of the High- landers is the Erse, or (iaelic, a Celtic dialect bearing no analogy to the English. The peculiarities of lan- guage, costume, etc., are gradually falling into disuse. Their chief vices are intenqierance and uiichastity; so that in 1872 nine per cent, of the births were illegiti- mate, the proportion rising to sixteen and four tenths per cent, in Banff. In general government Scotland forms an integral part of the United Kingdom, standing on the same footing with England, except in regard to law and law-courts and the form of Church govern- ment, upon which points express stipidations exist in the articles of union between the two kingdoms. The nobles elect of their own sixteen peers to represent them in the House of Lords, and in 1874 the country was represented in the House of Commons by sixty mem- bers.