History. — The original Scotland (or Scotial was Ire- land, and the Scots (or Scoti), at their tirst appearance in authentic history, were the people of Ireland. Scot- land was known to the Romans by the name of C<de- donia, and was inhabited by savage tribes of Celtic race. They were p<ilygamists and idolaters, their re- ligion being druidical. They were hardy and brave, and offered to their Roman invaders a fierce and obsti- nate resistance. In the reign of Titus (A. D. 79-81), .lulius Agricola led a Roman army beyond the friths of Forth and Clyde, and in 84 defeated the Caledonians under (ialgacus. He and his Roman successors failed to thoroughly subdue the country, and withdrew in the early part of the 5th century. 15etween the two walls in the province Valentia (Northumberland, Dumfries- shire, etc.) dwelt tive tribes who had become practically Romanized and civilized, and who, after the withdrawal of the Romans, formed a union called "Regnnni Cum- brense." The Saxons arrived in Scotland in 449. con- quered and settled the Lowlands, and one of their lead- ers, Edwin, founded the present capital, Edinburgh (Ed- winsburgh). About 503 the Scots, from Ireland, cross- ed over to Scotland and settled on the west coast, es- tablishing a kingdom under Fergus, son of Ere. His nation had been converted to Christianity by St. Pat- rick. LTnder Conal, his grandson, Cohmiba began the conversion of the ntirthern Picts. In the middle of the 9th century the Scots acipiired a predominance in the country, the Picts disaiipearing as a people (probably amalgamafed and absorbed by the Scots) during the reign of Kenneth, who became king in 83(5. In 866 the Danes, under the vikings, began to invade Scotland, and continued their incursions, until, in 1014, after a se- ries of defeats by Malcolm II. they gave up the contest. During the reign of Constantine (904-9.53), the seat of the ecclesiastical i)rimacy was transferred from Dinikeld to St. Andrew's, and the regal residence fixed at Scone. At the latter place, in the sixth year of his reign, Kel- lach, the bishop, and the Scots swore to observe the laws and discipline of the faith and the rights of the church- es and the gospels. This seems to indicate the meet- ing of some sort of council, civil or ecclesiastical, <ir, more probably, a combination of both, according to the form prevalent at this period both among the Celtic and Teutonic nations. During the reign of Malcolm HI (1057-1093), a great social and political revolution occurred in Scotland. In 1072 William the Conqueror invaded Scotland and secured homage from Malcolm as his feudal superior, wliich homage became a source of much dispute between the two countries. Malcolm's resi<lence in England, and his marriage with the F^ng- lish princess Margaret, led to the introduction of Eng- lish customs, language, antl [lopidation into the north-
SCOTLAND, CHURCHES OF 452 SCOTLAND, EPISC. CHURCH OF
ern and western districts. King Kenneth transferred liis residence to Forteviot, in Strathearn, which had been the Pictish capital, fixing, soon after, the ecclesias- tical metro|)olis of the United Kingdom at Dunkeld, where lie built a church dedicated to St. Columba. The condition of the country was greatly improved under David (ir24-1153), the youngest son of Malcolm, who was all to Scotland that Alfred was to England. Con- forming to the rules of the Church and the principles of religion, he never forgot that he, not the clergy, was to rule. He introduced a system of written law super- seding the old Celtic traditionary usages. David was as great a reformer in the Church as in the State. He established dioceses, encouraged the erection and en- dowment of parishes, provided for the maintenance of the clergy by means of tithes, and, displacing the ohl Celtic monastic bodies, introduced the Benedictine and Augustinian orders. There followed several centuries of internal strife and war with England, resulting in much distress and great disorder. During the reign of .lames V there were much religious agitation and dis- cord. The practical corruptions of the Church were greater than in almost any other country of Europe, and, as a consequence, the principles of the Keformation were pushed further than elsewhere. The Homan Cath- olic system being overthrown, a contest began between Episcopacy and Presbyterianism, .James VI struggling hard to establish an absolute su|)remacy both in Church and State. The opponents of the crown bound thcm- seh-es together, first by the National G)venant, and af- terwards, in alliance with the English Puritans, by the Solemn League and Covenant. The Act of Union (with England) was formally ratified by the Parliament of Scotland Jan. 16, 1707; it continued un|iopidar for many years, but the discontent has gradually ceased. For further discussion of the mental and religious life of Scotland consult Church in Scothind, in the Westminster Rer. Jan. 1868; Reliyioits Life in Scotland, ibid. July, 1871 ; Kudloff, Hist, of Reformation,
SCOTLAND, Churches of. See the following ar- ticles.
SCOTLAND, Episcopal Church of. In the latter part of the 16th century, the Scottish nation, disgusted with the lasciviousness, inconsistencj', and oppression of the Romish clergy, became unanimous for reform. The papal party soon dwindled to nothing — their bishops iorsook their sees and went abroad; but the ancient churches of St. Andrew's, (ilasgow, etc., still continued, and were presided over by archbishops and bishops, some of whom had been constituted before the Eefor- mation. Of this old episcopate, .James Beaton, arch- bishop of (ilasgow, was the last survivor, dying April 24, 1603. James I revived the order (October, 1610), when .John Spottiswood, Andrew Lamb, and (iavin Hain- ilton were consecrated respectively bishops of (Glas- gow, Brechin, and (ialloway by the bishops of London, Ely, and Bath. But the Solemn League and Covenant followed soon after, and this succession came to an end in the person of Thomas Sydserf, bishop of Orkney, who dieil in 1663. Charles H was scarcely seated upon the throne when he was advised to restore ejiiscopacy, and to suppress, if not all at once, yet by gradual encroach- ments, the Presbyterian government in the Scotch Church. By the advice of James Sharp, lord Claren- don, high in favor with the king, discouraged tiie re- call of the old Episcopalians who had been long absent from Scotland. Tlie management of the whole affair was lei't to .Shar[), who was jilaced at the head of the establishment as archbishop of St. Andrew's. On Dec. 1.5 (or 16), 1661, James Sharp, Andrew FairfuU (Fair- foul), Robert Leighton, and James Hamilton were con- secrated to the sees of St. Andrew's, (Jlasgow, Diudilane, and (ialloway by the bishojis of London, Worcester, Carlisle, and Llamlatt'. The selection was mifortunate. Sharp was chiefi\' known, through the whole period of his episcopate, as the unrelenting foe of the Presby-