Togarmah, however, as a geographical term, is connect- ed with Armenia, and the subsequent notices of the name (xxvii, 14; xxxviii, 6) accord with this view. Armenia was, according to Strabo (xi, 13, 9, 529), dis- tinguished by the production of good horses (comp, Xenoph. .4?»(i. iv, 5, 24; Herod, vii, 40). The coun- tries of ailX and ''i'O (Mti'vac), and also b"n, were contiguous to Togarmah (Josephus, .1 «/. i, 1, 6). The name itself may possibly have reference to Armenia, for, according to Grimm {Gesch. d. deutsch. Spr. ii, 825), Togarmah comes from the Sanscrit tok((, '• tribe," and A rma~ Armenia, which he further connects with Her- mino the son of Mainius. The most decisive statement respecting the ethnographic relation of the Armenians in ancient literature is furnished by Herodotus, who says that they were Phrygian colonists, that they were armed in the Phrj'gian fashion, and were associated with the Phrygians under the same commander (Herod, vii, 73). The remark of Eudoxus (Steph. Byz. s. v. 'Ap- liti'ia) that the Armenians resemble the Phrygians in many respects in language ( ry (pwvij 7roXX« (ppvyi- Zoi«yi) tends in the same direction. It is hardly neces- sary to understand the statement of Herodotus as im- plying more than a common origin of the two peoples; for, looking at the general westward progress of the Japhetic races, and on the central position which Ar- menia held in regard to their movements, we should rather infer that Phrygia Avas colonized from Armenia than rice versa. The Phrygians were indeed reputed to have had their first settlements in Europe, and thence to have crossed into Asia (Herod, vii, 73); but this must be regarded as simply a retrograde movement of a sec- tion of the great Phrygian race in the direction of their original home. Tlie period of this movement is fixed subsequently to the Trojan war (Strabo, xiv, 680), whereas the Phrygians appear as an important race in Asia Minor at a far earlier period (id. vii, 321 ; Herod, vii, 8, 11). There can be little doubt that they were once the dominant race in the peninsula, and that they spread westward from the confines of Armenia to the shores of the zEga^an. The Phrj'gian language is un- doubtedly to be classed with the Indo-European fam- ily. The resemblance between words in the Phrygian and Greek tongues was noticed by the (Greeks them- selves (Plato, Cratyl. p. 410), and the inscriptions still existing in the former are decidedly Indo-European ( Rawlinson, //f/o(/. i, 6(56 ). Tlie Armenian language presents many peculiarities which distinguish it from other branches of the Indo-European family; but these may be accounted for partly by the physical character of the country, and partly by the large amoimt of for- eign admixture that it has experienced. In spite of this, however, no hesitation is felt by philologists in placing Armenian among tlie Indo-Ein'opean languages (Pott, Etym, Eorsch. introd. p. 32; Diefenliach, Grig. Europ. p. 43). With regard to the ancient inscriptions at Wan, some doubt exists; some of them, but apjiar- ently not the most ancient, are thought to bear a Tu- ranian character (Layard, Nin. ami Bab. p. 402; Raw- linson, Herod. \, 652); but, even were this fully estab- lished, it fails to prove the Turanian character of the population, inasmuch as they may have been set up by foreign conquerors. The Armenians themselves have associated the name of Togarmah with their early his- tory in that they represent the founder of their race, Haik, as a son of Thorgom (Moses Choren. i, 4, 9-11. — Smith. See Moses Chorenensis, Historic A rmen. lib. iii, Armen. edidit, Lat. vert, notisque illustr. W. et G. Whistonii [Lond. 1736]); Heeren, /*«(, i, 1,305; Mi- chaelis, Spicilegium Geog?-nphice, i, 67 -78; Klaproth, Tracels, ii, 64. See Ahmenia.
Toggenburg "War, the name given to an outbreak between Protestants and Catholics in Toggenburg (or Tockenbiirg), a district of the canton of St. Gall, Switz- erland. The dispute between the Toggenburgers and the abbot of St. Gall, Leodegar Biirgisser, appeared at
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first to be purely political, aiul related mainly to the labor ill road-lniililiiii;, which the alibot had enforced upon those under his jurisdiction. At first even Catii- olic localities, such as Scliwyz, look jtart with the 'I'og- ^enbur<;ers aj^ainst the abbot, without reyani to eccle- siastical differences. I5ut the confessional differences soon led to serious disturbances. In tlie lower country, especially in llennau, the majority were Catholics. About Easter, in 1700, they closed the church against the evannelical party, and the result was a scutHe, in which many were wounded. Alarmed at this treat- ment, the Protestants sou!;ht shelter in the nei^^hboring churches, but, encouraged by their neighbors of Ober- glatt, tliey returned in a week to llennau, and sought to enter the church. The Catholic priest refused them, but, seeing the I'rotestants assembled in large nimibers in the churchyard, counselled submission. But the Protestant minister was at this moment felled to the earth by a stone, and a severe struggle ensued. The priest was roughly handled, but was rescued by a mem- i)er of the council, and one of bis followers killed. The Keformed preacher, a native of Basle, was recalled, and a citizen of Zurich substituted, who was obliged to dis- guise himself for fear of the Catholics. The Catholic priest, after an absence of six weeks, was restored to his parish, under the protection of the abbot. The differ- ent cantons now took sides with the contending parties, and party feeling ran very high. Attempts were made, however, at mediation. An assembly was held at Ba- den, May "29, 1709, arbitrators were ai>p(iinted, and pro- ceedings begun ; but all in vain. In the Spring of 1712 the war broke out. It began in Toggenburg. The city of Wyl, to which the forces Of the abbot had re- tired, was captured; the commander, Felber. was most shockingly mangled by his own people, and his corpse was thrown into the Sitter. Naljholz. at the head of the victors, marched to St. (iall, and seized the Thurgaii and the lihine valley. Meantime, the theatre of the war extended to the shores of the Reuss and the Aar. A murderous conflict, " the battle of the bushes," gave the Bernese a bloody victory. The city of Baden sur- rendereil to Zurich, and was allowed to retain its Cath- olic worsliip, but did not dare to interfere with the erec- tion of a IJeformed Church outside of the walls of the city. Through the interference of pope Clement IX, the tire of war, which seemed about to be extinguished, was again stirred ; and while the government was hesi- tating, the Catholic cantons of Schwyz, Unterwalilen, and Zug. to the number of 4000, stormed the village of Sins. Bloody battles were fought in the vicinity of Lake Zurich, and at Bellenschantze. In Lucerne, the government was compelled by an uprising of the peo])le to enter into the war. The Catholic parties to the war, about 12,()()0 strong, assembled at ]\Iury. The Bernese were encamped at Vilmergen, and the great battle was fought on St..Iames's Day, .Jul v 25, and was not decided until six P.M., when the victory of the lieformers was complete. The peace, which was concluded in August at Aarau, provided religious liberty for Toggenburg. See Ilagenbach, Hist, of the Church in the I8th and 19//; Cent, i, 34 sq.