4. Makdr ("np72), a well-spring or vein of water (Lev. xii, 7; Jer. li, 36; Psa. xxxvi, 9; Prov. x, 11; xvi, 22, etc.).
5. GulV'th (risS), boiling or bubbling springs, used only of those given by Caleb to Achsah (Josh, xv, 19 ; Judg. 1, 15); and in the shorter form Gal (^5), a heap or spring (Cant, iv, 12) ; hence billow of the sea (Psa. xliii, 7; cvi, 25; Isa. xlviii, 18; Jon. ii, 3, etc.).
6. Mabbi'ia (5^12^), a gushing spring ( "spring," Isa. XXXV, 7; xlix, 10; " fountain," Eccles. xii, 6).
The following represent (mostly artificial) collections or receptacles of water :
7. Beer ("iX3), a well (as everywhere in the A. V., except "pit" in Gen. xiv, 10; Psa. Iv, 23; Ixix, 15; Prov. xxiii, 27) dug in the earth or rock and yielding a perpetual sup- ply: three such are specially named (Gen. xxvi, 20, 21, 22), besides Jacob's (John iv, 6), and one at Bahurim (2 Sam. xvii, IS). The word stands alone as a proper name (Numb, xxi, 16 ; Judg. ix, 21), and enters as an element into the names Beer-lahai-roi, Beer-sheba, Beeroth-bene- jaakam, Beeroth, Beer-elim, Baaluth-beer, Berothah, and Berothai. Cognate with this is
8. Bor ("iN3 or "113), a cistern (A. V. usually "pit" or "well"), whether dug (Deut. vi, 11; Exod. xxi, 33; 2 Chron. xxvi, 10) or built (Isa. xiv, 19; Jer. ii, 13), and whether empty (and so often used for "dungeon," Gen. xxxvii, 20; xli, 14; Exod. xii, 29; 1 Sam. xiii, 16; 2 Sam. xxiii, 20: 1 Chron. xi, 22; Jer. xxxvii, 16; xxxviii, 6 ; Zech. ix, 11) or as a receptacle of spring or rain water (Psa. vii, 15 ; Isa. xiv, 15 ; Jer. vi, 7 [Kethib] ; Ezek. xxvi, 20, etc.). Special cisterns of this kind are sometimes mentioned, as they are next in importance to springs in the East; thus in Sechu (1 Sam. xix, 22), of Sirah (2 Sam. iii, 26), of Bethlehem (xxiii, 15; 1 Chron. ix, 17), at Miz- pali (Jer. xli, 7, 9; comp. 2 Kings xxv, 25).
9. Berekdh (n~"13), a pool (as uniformly rendered in the A. v.), the Arab.' Birkah, an artificial tank for surface water. Special pools of this kind are mentioned at (iibeon (2 Sam. ii, 13), Hebron (iv, 12), Samaria (1 Kings xxii, 38), Heshbon (Cant, vii, 4), and several at Jerusa- lem, e. g. the upper (2 Kings xviii, 17 ; Isa. vii, 3; xxxvi, 3), the lower (xxii, 9), or old (ver. 11), the king's (Neh. ii, 14; Eccles. ii, 6), another (Neh. iii, 16), Siloam (ver. 15; John ix, 7), Bethesda (v, 2).
10. Mikveh (Pl'Ip'Q), a reservoir or large receptacle for water for irrigation, etc. ("gathering together," Gen. i, 10; "pools," Exod. vii, 19; " plenty [of water]," Lev. xi, 36; "ditch," Isa. xxi, 11).
11. Agdm (DSX), a po7id of staguaut water (Exod. vii, 19; viii, 5; "standing water," Psa. cvii, 35; cxiv, 8; hence " reeds," which abounded in such receptacles, Jer. li, 32).
12. Kcroth (n2), pits or wells in holes dug to water sheep ("cottages," Zeph. ii, 6); and so likewise Mikreh ( !T1~"3 ), a pit for the same purpose (" salt," ver. 9).
13. Mashab'm (C^SX'^^"?), tromhs for watering animals (Judg. V, 11 ; comp. Gen. xxiv, 19, 20, 44, 45, etc.).
The following are not employed with topographical exactness:
14. Geb (35) or Gebe (K3.a), a ditch (2 Kings iii, 16 ; Isa.
TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 493 TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS
XXX, 14; Ezek. xlvii, 11) ; hence Gebim, a place near Je- rusalem'(Isa. X, 31).
15. Pdchath (rJlQ), a hollinv, used as a trap ("pit," 2 Sam. xvii, 9; xviii, IT; Isa. xxiv, IT, IS; Jer. xlviii, 43, 44; "hole," ver. 2T ; " suare," Lam. iii, 4T). Akiu to this is
16. Shdchath (Did) or ShucMh (Titl^fli), a pitfall, poet- ically used (variou!<ly rendered in the A. V., Psa. ix, 15; Prov. xxvi, 2T; Jer. ii, 6; xviii, 20, etc.).
IT. Gumdts (1'"01i(), a deep hole or sunken shaft (Eccles. X, 8). 18. Mahamardh (il"i"cri^), a gulf or whirlpool ("deep
pit," Psa. cxl, 10).
III. Bodies of water and their connections. For these there really is but one Heb. term.
1. Ydm {W), sea (as always rendered in the A. V. ex- cept when u.^ed for "west"), inchidin;; lakes and ex- panses of rivers; applied specially to the Mediterranean (with the art., Josh, xv, 4T ; sometimes with other ad- juncts, as "threat," Numb, xxxiv, 6, T; "hinder" or " westeri)," Dent, xi, 24; and so sometimes when the situation is not west, as in Egypt [Exod. x, 19], Arabia [xxvii, 13; xxxviii, 12]), the Red Sea, that of Chmneretli, the Dead Sea ("salt sea," "sea of the desert," "eastern sea") ; also (like the Arab. />«/»•) of great rivers, as the Nile (Jer. xix, 5; Nah. iii, 8; Ezek. xxxii, 2), the Eu- phrates (Isa. xxvii, 1 ; Jer. li, 26'i, tinally of the laver in the Temple (1 Kings xxv, IS ; 1 Chron. xviii, 8). Couuected with Yiiin are the following:
Miphrdts (V'^S'a), a bay ("breaches," Judg. v, IT).
Choph (vjiri), a shore, or rather perhaps cove (comp. "Haifa"), as a lesser form of the preceding ("haven," Gen. xlix, 13; "side,"Deut. i, T; "coasts," Josh, ix, 1; "shore," Judg. v, IT).
Maehoz (TIFTD), a. port or "haven" (Psa. cvii, 30).