TRIUMPH
559
TRIUMPH
iu i'luceoMou after \ iclones.
Aiicieul Assyriau Kiu
iiig feature of triumphs among ancient nations general- ly; and among tlie Assyrians antl Babylonians atrocities were frequently practiced, sucli as maiming, blinding [see KykJ, and killing, especially in the case of rebel princes. See CApnvb;. To put one's foot upon the
head or nee
pear to have been much practiced by the covenant people, but it forms the ground of many ligurative re])resentationsin the pro- phetical Scri|)tiires ( I'sa. cx,l; Isa. lx,14; 1 Cor. xv, 2t)). See Foot; Neck.
Among the Greeks, it does not appear that tri- umphs were accorded to victorious generals, but conquerors occasionally entered their native cit- ies attended by their vic- torious soldiers bearing branches of palm. Such
A^t-ynuu King Placing the Foot ou the prevailing Keck of au Euemy. ' . , P
li •in era 111 fhic
processions became very common under the successors of Alexander the Great, particularly the Seleucidaj of Syria and the Ptolemies of Egypt, who are generally believed to have been the inventors of the tof/u piilmafa, or robe adorned with rejjresentations of palm-trees interwoven into its fabric. It is clearly to the Grajco-Syrian form of triumph that the apostle John alludes in the Apoca- lypse, when he describes those who had overcome by the blood of the lamb standing "before the throne, clothed with robes, and palms in tiieir hands" (Kev. vii, 9).
Next to the Egyptians, the Komans were chief among ancient nations in attributing importance to a triumph, and exerting themselves to bestow a gorgeous brilliancy upon the triumphal procession. The highest honor which could be bestowed on a citizen or magis- trate was the triumph or solemn procession in which a victorious general passed from the gate of the city to the Capitol. He set out from the Campus Martins, and proceeded along the Via Triumphalis, and from thence through the most public places of the city. The streets were strewn with Howers, and the altars smoked witli incense. First went a numerous band of music, singing and playing triumphal songs; next were led the oxen to be sacrificed, having their horns gilt and their heads adorned with fillets and garlands; then followed the spoils taken from the enemy, carried in open wagons, or usage in this j on a species of bier called feretruin, around which were displayed the golden crowns sent by allied and tribu- tary states. The titles of the vanquished nations were inscribed on wooden frames; and images or represeiita-
respect, we find Joshua ordering the five kings of the
Canaanites, wiio had taken refuge in a cave, to be
brought out that his captains might come one after an-
oilier and put their foot on the necks of the prostrate I tions of the conquered countries and cities were exhib-
princes (Josh, x, 24). Literally this usage does not ap- ' ited. The captive leaders followed in chains, with their
"^v.'^A^ v-s^rS^S^^S
liomau Tiiuniph.
TRIUMPHUS
560
TROAS
children and attendants; after the captives came the licltirs, having their fasces wreathed with laurel, follow- ed by a great company of musicians and dancers, dressed like satyrs, and wearing crowns of gold; in tlie midst of whom was a pantomime, clothed in a female garb, whose business it was with his looks and gestures to in- sult the vanquished. A long train of persons followed, carrying perfumes ; after whom came the general, dress- ed in purple, embroidered with gold, wearing a crown of laurel on his head, holding a liranch of laurel in his right hand, and in his left an ivory sceptre with an eagle on the top, his face painted with vermilion, and a golden ball hanging from his neck on his breast. He stood upright in a gilded chariot adorned with ivory, drawn by four white horses, attended by his relations and a great crowd of citizens, all clothed in white. It was creditable to Koman morality that a public slave accompanied the conqueror in his chariot, to remind him of the vicissitudes of fortune, and to present to him, in the midst of all his glory, the remembrance of the varied changes and chances of mortality. The con- queror's children sometimes accompanied him. and some- times rode in a second chariot, escorted by the lieuten- ants and military tribunes who had served in the war. The consuls, senators, and other magistrates followed the general's chariot on foot; and the whole procession was closed by the victorious army, drawn up in order, crowned with laurel, decorated with tlie gifts which they had received for their valor, and singing their own and their general's praises. See Smith, Diet, of Class. Antiq. s. v. See Titl'S {Empcroi-').
Paul makes frequent allusions to such triumphal pro- cessions (Col. ii, 15 , Eph. iv, 8 ), with which he compares the triumphs of Christ's followers in spreading abroad, in every place, the perfimie of the gospel of salvation (2 Cor. ii, 1^-16). Our Saviour's triumjihal entry into Jerusalem (Matt, xxi, 1-9) was a token of his royal char- acter (see the monographs ni Hase, Lehen Jesu, p. 181).
Triumphus, Augustinus, an Augustinian hermit- monk who was a native of Ancona, attended the Uni- versity of Paris for a time, and was present at the Coun- cil of Lj'ons in r274. He also sojourned at Venice while engaged in the publication of several small books in honor of the Virgin, and at Naples, where he became the favorite of kings Charles and Kobert, and where he died in 1328, at the age of eighty-five years. A num- ber of published and unpublished works from his pen are yet extant. We note one On the Ecclesiastical Power, addressed to pope John XXH (Augsburg, 1473) : — A Cotiimentari/ on the LnnVs Prayer : — Comments on the Ave Maria ami the Maynifcat (Home, lo90, 1592, 1603) : — a MiUdnqiilnm from the works of Augustine, untinished by Triimiphus, but completed by the Augus- tinian Bartholomew of Urbino (Lyons, 1555). Of un- published writings we mention. Four Books on the Sen- tences : — On the IJoli/ Ghost, a polemic against the Greeks : — On the Spiritual Hymn : — On the Entrance into the Land nf Promise: — On the Knowletlye and Faculties of the Soul: — Theorems respecting the Resurrection of the iJead :—Expositio?is of Ezekiel and all Neic-l^est. Books: — Discourses of the Lord: — On the Saints: — On the Moralia of St. Gregory. See Pamphilius, Chron. Eremif. S. A vgust. p. 46 ; Cave, Script. Feci. Hist. Lit. (Gen. 1720). — Herzog, Real-Encyklop. s. v.