Trogyl'lium {TpioyvWiov), the rocky extremity of the ridge of Mycale, which is called thus in the New Test. (Acts XX, 15) and by Ptolemy (v, 2), and Troyili- um {Tpix)yi\iov) b}' Strabo (xiv, 636). It is directh^ op- posite Samos (q. v.). The channel is extremely narrow. Strabo (Joe. cit.) makes it about a mile broad, and this is confirmed by the Admiralty charts (1530 and 1555). Paul sailed through this channel on his way to Jerusa- lem at the close of his third missionary journey (Acts XX, 1.5). The navigation of this coast is intricate ; and it can be gathered from ver. 6, with subsequent notice.s of the days spent on the voyage, that it was the time of dark moon. Thus the night was spent at Trogyllium. It is interesting to observe that a little to the east of the extreme point there is an anchorage which is still called St. PaiiVs Port. — Smith. Pliny refers to three small islands lying about Trogyllium. and names them Sanda- lion. Psilon, and Argennon (Hist. N(tt. v, 37). The port where Paul anchored is generallv considered to be that
X. — N N
Plan of the Remains of Troas.
TROIL
562
TllOKI
m-^V'..
Kanapitzf/
C.Kanapif^n
TheopOTi 1
tr($^j/
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I'lau olTroij.vllium aud its Adjoiiiiiig Islauds.
sheltered by Sandalion ; but the port now known as the Port of St. Paul is that protected by the island of Nero, the ancient Argennon (Lewin, St. Paul, ii, 89). See Pail.
Troi'l, Samuel, a Swedish prelate, was born May 22, 170(1. at Saint Sclicdwi (Ualecarlia), being the son of a pastor. He stu<lied philosophy at the Universitj' of Stockholm, and became successively grand almoner of the king (April 22, 1740), president of the consistory (Jan. 2, 1742), bishop of Westeras (April 23, 1751), and archbishop of Upsala (Nov. 8, 1757), where he died, Jan. liS, 17()4. He was a learned and eloquent preacher, and led many funeral discourses, etc.
Troi'l, Uno, a Swedish prelate, son of the forego- ing, was born at Stockliolm, Feb. 24, 174G. After a brill- iant course of study at Upsala, and extensive travels in (Jermany, France, and England, he became successively almoner of the regiment (177.3), preacher in ordinary to the king (1775), bishop of Linkoping (1784), i)resi- dent of tiie consistory of Stockiidlm anil archbishop of Upsala (Aug. 30, 1787), where he died, .July 27, l.s03. He wrote several historical sketclies, for whicli see Iloc- fer, Nottv. Biofj. Generale, s. v.
Troki, Isaac BiiN-.\nuAiiA:M, a. Jewish scholar, who <lerived his name from his native place, Troki, a town in the Hussian province of Wilua, was born in 1.033. At the time in which our hero was born, Poland was not oidy the seat of .Jewish learning, but also the scene of action ()f the different sects to whicii the Ueformation gave rise. " In the earlier years of the religious KeHir- tnation of the Kith century, the scepticism which had |irevailed so generally in lionie aud the Italian states, chiefly among tlie liigher clergy, and perhaps most in- tensely in the highest, tainted tlie Italian mind, and im- jiarted a peculiar stamp of heterodoxy to the adherents of the Reformation in that country. The court of l\<ime had sagaciously put off' the garb of pagan laxity which
It h id worn so jannlily since the revival of letters. 1 h( Council of Trent, while reviewing every article ot l\3man theology, having stated in its canons tlie fundamental arlii'les of Christian faith with a clear- ness that was indeed much needed, gave strict lu- st luctions to all tlie licensed preachers of their Church, lud so enabled then) to assume a new appearance of s und faith, at least in those particidars which would ntrast not only with tlieir former heterodoxy, now to I I incealed, but wilii the open heterodoxy of certain t i^itive Italian Protestants. These persons found con- jee nial society among the Jews in Poland, who, while h( n ically adhering to the letter of the Mosaic law, h id nevertheless not accepted tiie more fully unfokleil Miity of Christian revelation. Heretics they were 111 the eye of Pome, and the persecution that haunted tl I tn drove them at once into the arms of the Polish Kiriites; for, like them, and even more than they, tliise protesters against Rome hated tradition and all human authority. Like-the Karaites, they were stur- d\ Monotheists in the same narrow sense. They out- r in \riiis in the race of unbelief. Their own Sociiio 1( ft his name to a sect just as Sadok had left his; and S<cino, with his principal followers, chose Poland to be at once their asylum and their citadel. From that time it became the centre of Socinianism in Europe. In Poland the Jew and the Christian both enjoyed re- ligious liberty, and for once the most orthodox of the I--raelites and the least orthodox of the Christians could fraternize on one point, and on only one." One of those Jews was Isaac. He was brought up in the study of Talmudism as a branch of Jewish learning, and in the faith of the Karaite, cold withal, until quickened anil elevated under the impulse of persecu- tion. Young Isaac, to whom Hebrew was vernacular, was also liberally educated in the Latin and Polish languages. In these languages he read the chief controversial writings, as they were issued l)y thiir eminent authors, against the Church of Pome. He carefully stuilied the Catholic- Polish version of the Bible, made by Leonard from the Vulgate, which ap- ]5eared in Cracow in 1561, and again in 1575 and 1577; the Calvinistic-Polish version, called the Kadzivil Bible, and published in 1503; and the Socinian version, made also from the original texts, by the celebrated Simon Budny, which was published at Nieswicz, in Lithuania, ill 1570; as well as the writings of Nicliolas Pariita, IMartin C'hechowiz, and Simon Budny, the heads of Unitarianism in I'oland. As all these sects, who differ- ed from each other on almost every other point, agreed in their attack upon the Jews and their faith, the rabbi set to work on a confutation of Christianity. He read the New Test., in Budny's version, with the cool and orderly habit of a iiard-working student. Every pas- sage on which he could (ix a doubt or hazard a denial was marked as it stands in the sacred book, and for the purpose of controversy. The entire stock of anti-Chri.s- tiaii cavils witli which educated Jews, at least, are fa- miliar, combined with the objections of the Socinians, were brought to bear on the New Test, by direct attack on all the leading sentences in relation to the person, life, and ministry of Christ. The work, written in He- brew, under the title o^ ConjirnuUion of the Fuilh, pITn niTCX; and which has a world-wide celebrity, Isaac fin- ished in 1593, when sixty years of age. The work is interesting for its quotations from some little-known Christian and polemical works in the Polish language, and because it has been made use of by critical writers upon tlie New Test, from Voltaire to Strauss; for the former at least acknowledges, in his Melanges, iii, 344: " II a rassemblti toutes les dithcultes que les incrediiles ont prodiguees depuis. . . . Enhn, incredules les plus de- termines n'ont presqne rien allegiie qui ne soit dans ce rempart de la foi du rabbin Issac." The book is divid- ed into two parts — the first, which is devoted lo an ex-' amination of the objections raised by Christians against