TROLLE
5G3
TROPHIMUS
Judaism, and which is subdividetl into fifty chapters, discusses very minutely the interpretation of the Mes- sianic passages of the Old Test, and their apidication to Christ as the predicted Jlessiah ; while the second part is taken up with a critical examination of the state- ments made in the sinidry hooks of the New Test. Troki died in 1594. His work was first published by Wagenseil, with a Latin translation, in his collection of The Fiery Darts of Solan {Tela I(jnea, Sataii<e) (Alt- riorf, IG8I), from a MS. obtaineil from an African Jew, which was imperfect. A reprint of this vitiated text without the Latin translation appeared in Amsterdam in 1717, and in Jerusalem in Lslo. 'I'he best edition, however, is that edited by ralibi D. Dentsch, with a German translation (Sohran, 18G5). Besides this (ier- man translation, there is anotlier by M. Gelling (Hamb. 1631-33). It was translated into Spanish by Isaac Athia, and into Italian by M. Luzzatto. The work has also been refuted by Miiller, Cvn/ulatio IJbri C/iizuk Einuna, comprised in his Jmlaisinns ex RabbiiKiruni iScriptis Delectus, etc., Refutatus (ibid. 1044) ; by Gous- set, Ternio Controverss. adoersits Judmos, Oppositiis R. Isaac Cliissiik Einuna (Dordrecht, 1688), which, how-' ever, was not satisfactory to the duke Louis of Orleans (d. 1752), who wrote another refutation; by Gebhard, Centum Loca N. T. Vindicata adrersus Chissuk Einu- na ((Jreifswalde, 1699); Storr, Ecangelische Ulaubens- kraj'f. Gef/en das Werk Chissuk Emuna (Ttib. 1703) ; and bv Kidder [Bp.], in his Demonstration of the Mes- siah (2d ed. Lond. 1726). See Wolf, Bibl. flebr. iv, 639 sq. ; Hoefer, Nouv. Bing. Generale, xxvi, 10 ; Flirst, Bibi. Jud. ii, 138; iii, 448, De' Rossi, Dizionario Storico (Germ, transl.), p. 320 sq. ; id. Bibliitth. Antichrisliana, p. 42 sq. ; Kitto, Cyclop, s. v. ; Steinschneider, Catal. Libr. Jfebr. in Bibl. Bodl. col. 1074 sq., and his Jewish Liter- ature, p. 212; Etheridge, Inlrod. to Hebr. Lit. p. 444; Itule, /list, of the Karaite Jews, p. 1 70 sq. ; Basnage, //isl. des Juifs (Taylor's transl.), p. 772 ; Geiger, Isauk Troki, ein Apolof/et des Judenth. am Ende des Idten Jahrhdts. (Breslau, 1853; rejirinted in h\s, Nachgelassene Schriften, iii, 178, Berlin, 1876); id. f'robenjiidischer Vertheidiguny yegen christliche Angi-ijfe, in Liebermann's Kalender, 1854; Gr'At'i,Gesch.d.Juden,\\,iW sq. ; Becker, in A(((^ auf Ho'Jnung (Erlang. 1870), vii, 154 sq. ; Fiirst, in the same quarterly (ibid. 1871), viii, 224 sq. (B. 1'.)
Trolle, GusTAViis, a Swedish prelate, descended from a noble Danish family named Erik, was born near the close of the 15th century, and became archbishop of Upsala Oct. 30, 1514, but was besieged in his palace by an old family enemy; and, although reinforced by the interdict and troops of pope Leo X, he at length fell in battle on the island of Fionia, and died at (iottorp, near Slesvvick, July 11, 1535. For the details of his stormy career see Hoefer, Nour. Biog. Generale, s. v.
Tromm {Van der Trommen, Lat. Trominius), Abra- ham, a learned Protestant divine of Holland, was born at (irouingen, Aug. 23, 1633, and studied the classics, philosophy, and theology in that university. He trav- elled through Germany, Switzerland, France, and Eng- land, and on his return was appointed curate at Haren. In 1671 he was invited to the pastorate of Groningen, and continued there until his deatli, jMay 29, 1719. John Blartiiiius, of Dautzic, having begun a Concor- dance of the Old .Testament in Flemish, Tromm com- pleted it (Amsterd. 1685-92, 2 vols. fol.). He also pub- lished a Greek Concordance of the Septuagint (Utr. 1718, 2 vols, lol.), which has remained a standard work.
Tronchin, Louis, a Swiss divine, was born at Geneva, Dec. 4, 1629, and after studying theology there and at Saumur, he travelled abroad and then became preacher at Lyons in 1654. In 1661 he was made pro- fessor of theology in Geneva, where he died, Sept. 8, 170.5. He was noted for his mildness during the Cai- vinistic controversy of his time.
Tronchin, Theodore, a learned Swiss divine, father of the preceding, was born at Geneva, A[)ril 17, I
1582. He was well educated, visited foreign universi- ties, and on his return to (ieneva, in 1606, he gave suclv proof of his learning that he was chosen professor of the Hebrew language. He was made minister in 1608, and created rector of the university in 1610. In 1616 he was promoted to the professorsiiip of divinitv. He was sent from (ieneva to the tlouiicil ot Dort, where he displayed his great knwoledge in divinity, and a moderation which was higlily applauded. For several of his works see Hoefer, Xouv. Biog. Generale, s. v.; Herzog, Real-Encyclop. s. v.
Troop is, in tlie A. V., especially employed as the rendering (sometimes '■band," etc.) of T^nS, gedud, which means a marauding party, in the forays for which Palestine has always been notorious, especially beyond the .Jordan ((ien.xiix, 19; ISam. iii, 22; xxii,30; xxx, 8; Jobxix, 12; Psa. xviii, 29 ; Jer. xviii, 22 ; Hos. vi, 9; vii, 1; Mic. V, 1).
Tropaea (rpoTraiff), the name of churches erected in honor of martyrs, or dedicated to them. The reason of the name is found in the reported appearance of the cross to Coustantine, and in the labarum on which, ac- cording to Eusebius, were inscribed the words rov (jxav- poii rpoTTawv. — Farrar, Eccles. Diet. s. v.