4. Our la-i example is thi Decalogue, of which we have two editions, in Kxod. xx and Deut. v, between
which there are not a tew differences, some ot , sider-
able importance, lint it is very doubtful whether any of the-, differences can be laid to the charge ot the Copyist; certainly the more important of them must he traced to the author. Tiny are principally to lie found in the fourth and tenth commandments: in the latti r, the two tirst clauses are transposed in Deuteron- omy, and a slight addition and alteration made: and in the former, the remember of Exodus is exchai observi in Deuteronomy; thy cattlt is expanded into thine or and thmt ass and all tin/ cattle ; and the •• rea- son annexed" in Exodus- "For in six days." etc. is entirely omitted in Deuteronomy, and another state- ment substituted for it— "That thy man-servant and maid-servant may rest as well as thou; ami remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt," etc. lie other alterations are of less importance. In each ofthe fourth and fifth commandments, the clause -As the Lord thy God hath commanded tine" is insi rtcd in Deuteronomy, the promise in the latter being also ex- panded by the addition of the clause •'that it may he well with thee;" and in the ninth, WltJ ~" (falsi wit- ness') is substituted for ~~- ""• N,,u- ,h,,|V 's ""l one of these variations which can he certainly traced to the oversight ofa transcriber. It is, indeed, on tirst thought, surprising that any writer, however conscious of the guidance of the Divine Spirit, should have vent- ured to depart, even in the minutest particular, from the i/>.-is.*ini(i verba ofa document which hail been stamped in so special a manner with the impress of Heaven. It is, perhaps, the most remarkable example of that com- plete mastery ofthe essential over the accidental, ofthe spirit over the letter, which distinguishes the entire rev- elation at once ofthe old Testament and ofthe New. Bul to explain this phenomenon does not fall within our present purpose. It is sufficient to remark that most of the variations are evidently to he traced to the first composition of the hook of I leuteronomj . and that none of them can with any degree of certainty be placed in the category of various readings. See De< vloqde. From the tour examples of parallel passages which have been under review, the follow ing conclusions have I... ii elicited: i".> That most ofthe variations are to be traced to the author or editor, and not to the copi >-t : and. in all such cases, both forms of the passage must he preserved as belonging equally to the sacred text, (b.) That, notwithstanding, a considerable number of varia- tions still remain w hich cannot be accounted tor in this way, hm probably arose through oversight in transcrip- tion. In such cases ii i- allowable to correct the more faulty text by the more accurate; hut. in the absence
QUOTATIONS
853
QUOTATIONS
of any external testimony to the accuracy of the read- ing which we prefer, such corrections must be intro- duced with caution, and might, perhaps, with greater propriety be placed in the margin (as was the practice with the ancient Jewish critics) than incorporated with the text. The variations of this class would have ap- peared still more numerous had we selected our exam- ples of parallel passages from those which are occupied with lists of names or numbers. See Kennicott, Disser- tation on the State of the Printed Hebrew Text, pt. i.
II. Quotations from the Old Testament in the New. — These form one of the outward bonds of connection be- tween the two parts of the Bible. They are manifold in kind; but all that we need here to say respecting them may be summed up under the following heads :
1. Sources whence the Quotations are made. — These are two— the Hebrew original and the Septuagint trans- lation. On comparing the passages, in order to appor- tion the quotations between these two sources, we find that by far the larger number are taken, either wholly or chiefly, from the Sept., while a very few materially differ from both the Sept. and the Hebrew. The latter were probably quoted from memory, the occasion not requiring punctilious accuracy in the citation. For the most part, the deviations from the text of the Hebrew or the Sept. are not material. They may be classed as follows :
(1.) Changes of person, number, or tense in particular words. Thus, in Matt, xxvi, 31, we read, 7rar«?w rbv iroipiva, Kai Sia<JicopTn<j5i)rrtTai rd Trpofiara rtjg iroi- /.ivtjg ; while the Sept. gives it, Trdra&vruv woipiva, Kai SiartKopTn<T3!)rsovTai, k. t. X. (Zech. xiii, 7) (this is the reading of the Alexandrine Codex ; that of the Vatican differs considerably: rrardKart rovg iroip'tvag Kai tK- (nrdiraTt rd Trpofiara); John xix, 30, 'Ogtovv ov gw- rpifiifGtrai avrov, for 'Oarovv oil Gvvrpiiptre air av- rov, Exod. xii, 46; 1 Pet. ii, 24, Ov rip pioXwri avrov id$i]T£, for [iwXiotti avrov idBtjptv, Isa. liii, 5, etc. Comp. also Matt, xi, 10 with Mai. iii, 1 ; and John xix, 37 with Zech. xii, 4.
(2.) Substitution of synonymous words or phrases for those used in the Sept. or Hebrew : e. g. John xiii, 18, 'O rpwywv per ipov rbv dprov, inyptv iir' ipi r>)v rrr'tpvav aurov, for 'O iaSiiov dprovg pov iptydXvvtv iir kfik rrrtpviGpov, Psa. xl (xii), 9. Comp. Heb. viii, 8 sq. Matt, xii, 20, where ^SiT1? lOSI^ npxb (Isa. xiii, 3) is rendered by ewe. dv tKfidXy tig inKog ruv Kptaii'. Sometimes the words thus substituted are sy- nonymous with those for which they are used only his- torically ; as when Paul (Gal. iv, 30) calls Isaac 6 vibe, ri/C tXtvSrtpag, in a passage quoted from Gen. xxi, 10, where, in the words of Abraham, he is mentioned by name as 6 vibe pov 'Iguuk. Occasionally, also, this kind of substitution is effected by the use of a word describing a species for one designating the genus to which it belongs; as when Paul, in 1 Cor. iii, 20, substi- tutes the words tCjv goQwv for the more general ex- pression, twv dvSpuTrwv, used in the passage (Psa. xix, 11) which he quotes; or as in Matt, xxii, 37, where Cia- voia is put for IKtt, the special kind of strength intend- ed being that of the mind.